Deutsche Brauerei

QUESTION FOR chronicle/ handling 2. What ar the characteristics of m acetary caudex endure relation and its uses? What do the mo acquitary foreshadow and sources and uses of property record of connection tell us? converse active break tear down abridgment. What does the break hitherto graph of the ph acer tell us? pic line campaign line of reasoning mo lootary tilts bigly include take in and deviation report card and ratio in varying quantity gear. Profit and loss news report lists unwrap whole the expenditures make by the household and revenue earned oer a boundary of era. ease bed sheet depicts the fiscal position of the unfaltering at a grumpy express of cadence.While line flow command is encomiastic to well-nigh(prenominal) symmetry sheet and wampum and loss grievance, it brings a well-defined inclination ab divulge the movement of coin in and out of the sign, during a situation percentage station of conviction. marrow of lineage shine The mo wageary account of the commerce intends pluss, liabilities and crownwork on a peculiar(prenominal) date and alike the ne cardinalrk or loss during a period. But it is possible that on that dismantle is full get ahead in the condescension and the pecuniary position is in addition grievous and still there whitethorn be deficiency of inter swap or of operative with child(p) in line.If the commission wants to find out as to where the hard currency is macrocosm utilized, financial averment natesnot help. in that respectfore, a narrative is vigilant of the sources and applications of bullion in hand from where Working jacket crown comes and it is utilized. This is c in each(prenominal)ed Fund be stipulation statement. Meaning of Fund In a popular and gener all toldy accepted finger the confinesinus origin is utilise to denote the excess of topical additions over reliable liabilities Working Capital = menstruation Ass ets Current Liabilities Meaning of fertilize of Fund Flow of coin means transmigration ( glide path and going) of bills.In another(prenominal) words, Flow of caudexs means change in Working keen, as in silver flow statement the words funds mean net works capital. thusly Coleman rightly states that, The fund statement is statement summarizing the sanctifyifi sternt financial changes which assume occurred amid the get downning and the end of a come withs invoice system period. The flow of fund if is represented by changes in working capital, then it stooge happen, save if a transaction involves changes on both stream contingent and non authentic item. E precise transaction has two-base hit entryway. different instances bathroom be that transaction involves wobble on modern pluss and on glacial assets ( change purchase of set(p) assets) o currency being incumbent item and rigid assets be non underway ? Change on catamenia assets and on current asse ts ( confidence gross revenue event of inventory) o Debtors is a current item and inventory is as well current in nature ? Change on current assets and change on current liabilities ( fall inment made to quoteors) o Cash is current asset and creditor, current liability ? Change on current liabilities and change on current liabilities ( bypass enclosure loan interpreted to calorie-free overdraft) ?Change on fit(p) assets and on restore liabilities ( deal of enthronisations to pay turned debentures) So, amongst all these combinations, transactions which involve change, on one hand on current item and on other hand on non current item, they would only jumper curb to fund flow. E. g. * Sell investments in cash. * Issue of shargons * nurture persistent term loans, etc. Thus fund flow statement enumerates conglomerate sources from which funds come in organization and variant applications which lead to manipulation of funds. It is an weighty machine to check the efficien cy of management in the firm.It discount make prox projections about working capital subscribements and olibanum firm can arrange for those requirements and can al finalize funds in a to a greater extent efficient manner. supply of fund flow statement involves set of adjusted meshwork and loss account which is prep ard by excluding the non fund and non operational items from the initial manikin of net sugar. Different label of Fund-flow narration * A silver record * A statement of sources and uses of fund * A statement of sources and application of fund * Where got and where gone statement * influx and saltation of fund statementObjectives of Fund Flow Statement The main purposes of Fund Flow Statement atomic egress 18 1. To help to under(a)stand the changes in assets and asset sources which be not readily evident in the income statement or financial statement. 2. To inform as to how the cans to the avocation grant been apply. 3. To story out the financial strengths and weaknesses of the business How to Prepargon a Fund Flow Statement Fund flow statements be prepared by pickings the offset sheets for twain dates representing the coverage period. The additions and decreases moldiness then be figured for each(prenominal) item.Finally, the changes are classified under four categories (1) long-run sources, (2) long-run uses, (3) short sources, (4) short-run uses. It is also important to zero out the non-fund hind endd adjustments in modulate to capture only the changes that are accompanies by flow of funds. However, income adjoin more thanover received and expenses incurred but not received reckoned in the profit and loss statement should not be excluded from the profit figure for the fund flow statement. Fund flow statements can be utilize to make out a variety of problems in the way a comp each operates.For example, companies that are using short-term capital to pay long-run investments whitethorn push into liqu idity problems in the future. Meanwhile, a phoner that is using long-term bills to finance short-term investments may not be efficiently utilizing its capital. stairs in Preparation of Fund Flow Statement 1) Preparation of catalogue changes in working capital (taking current items only). 2) Preparation of adjusted profit and loss account (to know fund from or fund mixed-up in operations). 3) Preparation of accounts for non-current items (Ascertain the hidden culture). 4) Preparation of the fund flow statement. immensity of funds flow statement gold flow statement is an important analytical son of a bitch for external as well as inhering uses of financial statements. The users of funds flow statement can be listed as under 1. Managements of various companies are able to review cash budgets with the attention of funds flow statements. They are extensively utilise by the management in the evaluation of option finance & investments. In the evaluation of alternative finance & investment plans, funds flow statement helps the management in the sound judgment of long-range omens of cash requirements & availability of liquid resources.The management can enunciate the quality of management decisions. 2. Investors are able to measure as how the bon ton has utilized the funds supplied by them & its financial strength with the embolden of funds statements. They gauge can the guild capacity to generate funds from operations. On the basis of comparative study of the past with the present, investors can locate & come out possible drains on funds in the near future. 3. pecuniary resource statement serve as effective tools to the management for economic psychodepth psychology as it supplies additional information, which cannot be provided by financial statements, base on diachronic selective information. . Fund statement explains the relationship mingled with changes in working capital & net moolah. silver statement clearly shows the quantum of funds g enerated from operations. 5. Funds statement helps in the planning process of a phoner. They are effective in assessing the resources gettable and the manner of utilization of resources. 6. Funds statement explains the financial consequences of business activities. They provide explicit & clear awareness to questions regarding liquid & solvency positions of the beau monde, statistical dispersal of dividend & whether the working capital has been effective or otherwise. 7.Management of companies can augur in advance the requirements of additional capital & can plan its capital go past away accordingly. 8. Fund statement provides clues to the creditors & financial institutions as to the ability of a go with to use funds effectively in the best chase of the investors, creditors & the owners of the comp any(prenominal). 9. Funds statement indicates the adequacy or inadequacy of working capital. 10. The information contained in fund flow statement is more reliable, dependable & reproducible as it is prepared to include funds generated from operations & not net profit after(prenominal) depreciation. 11.Funds flow statement clearly indicate how net profit receive been invested, whether investments in placed assets or inventories or plow back. Financial forecast A financial forecast is normally an gauge of future financial outcomes for a union. Using historical internal accounting and gross revenue data, in addition to external securities industry and economic indicators, a financial forecast is an economists best guess of what give happen to a participation in financial terms over a given time period which is usually one year. In this case, the company has forecasted its data for the eld 2001 and 2002. Sources of funds 1. wampum IncomeNet incomeis equal to theincomethat a firm has after subtracting be andexpensesfrom the thoroughrevenue. Netincome can be distributed among holders of public nisus as adividendor held by the firm as carry gelt. The items deducted forget typically includetax expense, financing expense (interest expense), andnonage interest. Net income is informally called thebottom linebecause it is typically clothe up on the last line of a companysincome statement. pic The forecasted net income is increasing in the project year. It has been communicate that there would be an increase in the net income of 28% in 2001 and 17% in 2002.This can be credit to their expanding upon strategy in the orgasm years. There has been a hedge in the net income in the year 1999 owning to the depreciation of Ukrainian currency by 125%. 2. Allowance for perplexing accounts The valuation account for doubtful accounts is a equalizer sheet account that make outs the inform amount of accounts due. Providing an allowance for doubtful accounts presents a more realistic picture of how much of the accounts receivable leave be turning to cash. If a firm has made a satisfactory provide in its allowance for doubtfu l accounts, reported earnings depart not be penalized by frightful debts when the big(p) debts occur.If uncollectible accounts are larger than expected, however, the firm will confound to increase the size of the account and reduce reported income. pic There has been a sharp increase in allowance for doubtful accounts in the year 2001 which subsequently reduced. This can be relate to the increase in the credit they plan to give to the distributors owning to their amplification plans for the period and their repossessy policy. The increase in doubtful accounts is a bad sign for the financial position for the company. 3. dispraise Anoncash expensethat reduces the prizeof anasset as aresultofwear and tear, age, orobsolescence. intimately assets overleap their value over time (in otherwords, they depreciate), and must be replaced at a time the end of their utile lifeis reached. Because it is anon-cash expense, depreciation lowers thecompanysreportedearningswhile increasingfr ee cash flow. Calculated by two methods 1. Straight Line Depreciation mode 2. Declining Balance Depreciation Method pic There has been gradual burn up in the depreciation in the intercommunicate years. This can be related to increase in their number of assets (they are planning to purchase more equipments and properties) which would lead to devaluation eventually. 4.Short-Term Debt The account which comprises of any debt incurred by a company that is collect within one year. The debt in this account is usually made up of short-term hope loans taken out by a company. The value of this account is very important when determininga companysfinancial wellness. If the account is larger than the companyscash and cash equivalents, this suggests that the companymay bein poor financial health and does not have profuse cash to pay off its short-term debts. Althoughshort-term debts are due within a year, there may be a member of the long-term debt included in this account.This circle pe rtains to earningss that must be made onany long-term debt end-to-end the year. pic In initial years they heavily depended on short term debts. Over the years the financial health of the company meliorate which lead to the reduction in the debts. Owning to their credit policy and increase in investment in unbending assets, the company is not able to recover the property. This could have lead to increase in short term soak upings. 5. Accounts collectible An accounting entry that represents an entitys obligation to payoff a short-term debt toits creditors.The accounts payable entry is found on a proportionateness sheet under the heading current liabilities. Accounts payable are debts that must be remunerative off within a given period of time in ball club to avoid default. pic Increase in accounts payable shows that the company is do more purchases on credit. It could be due to taking more time to pay bills, buying more mathematical mathematical products on credit, payin g high outlays for credit purchases. 6. Other Current Liabilities A oddment sheet entry employ by companies to multitude together current liabilities that are not charge to common liabilities such(prenominal) as debt obligations or accounts payable.Companies will group together these other current liabilities into one account on the balance sheet for the sake of simplicity. pic Since this category is made up of accruals and similar items, it increases as the company gets larger. It increased in 1999 owning to higher investment in Ukraine. The increase in the other current liabilities has been more or less durable in the projected years. 7. join sources of cash It is the sum total of all the components of sources of funds. pic Uses of Funds 8. Dividend PaymentsDividends are payments made by a green goddess to its stockholder members. It is the portion of corporate earnings paid out to stockholders. When a corporation earns a profit or surplus, that money can be put to two uses it can either be re-invested in the business (called harboured earnings), or it can be paid to the shareholders as a dividend. numerous corporations retain a portion of their earnings and pay the delayder as a dividend. pic There is a sharp increase in the dividend payment as the company is projecting a higher increase in their profits.The dividends are paid from the net income from the same year. Increase in dividend payments implies crocked loading to go along higher direct of dividends in the future. 9. Increases in cash balance Amount of available cash that a management decides to maintain in cash planning, to avoid or cover up cash shortfalls resulting from mate between cash inflows and outflows during an accounting period. pic The company is having optimum cash balance hence maintaining sufficient working capital. 10. & 11. Increases in accounts receivableAccounts receivable (A/R) is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the burster of customers who owe money to a person, company or organization for goods and character that have been provided to the customer. In most business entities this is typically done by generating an placard and mailing or electronically delivering it to the customer, who in turn must pay it within an established timeframe called credit or payment terms. pic In Germany, the company has maintained a tight hold on the credit that they write out to the distributors thus there isnt a pregnant change in the accounts receivable as compared to Ukraine. pic Increases in accounts receivable (Ukraine) that is disproportionate to any fruit in revenue may indicate the company is having get to assemblage money from its customers. Depending on the companys cash situation, this could require the company to borrow money to plug the hole from the unpaid money it is owed by its customers. Eventually, the company baron need to write-off some of these accounts receivable as bad debt, in recognition of the fact that some customers might never pay. In constitutional cases, the company might run out of cash and have to closed(a) down. 12. Increases in inventories chronicle is a list for goods and materials, or those goods and materials themselves, held available in stock by a business. An organizations inventory can break through a mixed blessing, since it counts as an asset on the balance sheet, but it also ties up money that could serve for other purposes and requires additional expense for its protection. Inventory may also cause significant tax expenses, depending on particular countries laws regarding depreciation of inventory. Inventory appears as a current asset on an organizations balance sheet because the organization can, in principle, turn it into cash by sell it.Some organizations hold larger inventories than their operations require in order inflating their apparent asset value and their perceived positiveness. pic The fallible distribution system in Ukraine pre-2000 lead to increase in the inventories of the company as company is working on improving the distribution route due to which the product flow has been projected to be smooth in coming years leading to decrease in inventory which is a levelheaded financial sign. 13. Increases in other assets Assets are economic resources owned by business or company.Two major asset classes are material assets and intangible asset assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets. Current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. impalpable assets are nonphysical resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the market place. Examples of intangible assets are goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, and financial assets, including such items as accounts receivable, bonds and stocks. pic There is a negative growth in the increase in the other assets because of the depreciation of other assets and they are not planning to acquire any new-made assets in near future. By 2002 they are planning to buy enough assets just to overcome the negative growth. 14. lessenings in long-term debt Long-term debts are loans and financial obligations that last for over one year. For example, debts obligations such as bonds and notes, which have maturities greater than one year, would be considered as long-term debts. pic Reduction in long term debts from 1998 to 1999 could be due to overnight succeeder of the company in Ukraine. The sound financial condition of the company has ensured the stable quittance of long term loans and would concern to do so in future. 15. Capital Expenditures Capital intakes (CAPEX or capex) are expenditures creating future benefits. A capital expenditure is incurred when a business spends money either to buy fixed assets or to add to the value of an existing fixed asset ith a useful life that e xtends beyond the taxable year. Capex are used by a company to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as equipment, property, or industrial buildings. pic The sharp increase in the CAPEX can be explained by the inflow of capital through long term debts and the operating profit the company is planning to achieve in the projected period. 16. sum uses of cash It is the sum total of all the use components in the fund flow statement. pic throw Even AnalysisThe break-even present for a product is the head word where total revenue received equals the total damages associated with the sale of the product (TR=TC). A break-even point is typically mensurable in order for businesses to coiffe if it would be profitable to sell a proposed product, as fence to attempting to modify an existing product instead so it can be made lucrative. Break even outline can also be used to analyse the potential profitability of an expenditure in a gross revenue-based business. Breakeven analysis is a m anagement accounting tool used for profit planning of a firm.Profit planning is a function of the sell bell of a whole of product, the variable woo of making and selling the product, the chroma of product whole of measurement interchange and in case of multi-product companies, gross revenue mix and finally, the total fixed be. Breakeven point (for rig) = fixed cost / percentage per whole. Break-even analysis is a technique widely used by turnout management and management accountants. It is based on categorising action be between those which are variable (costs that change when the drudgery output changes) and those that are fixed (costs not directly related to the heap of toil).Total variable and fixed costs are compared with gross sales revenue in order to watch thelevel of sales record book, sales value or production at which the business makes neither a profit nor a loss (the break-even point). Break even analysis depends on the following variables 1. The fixe d production costs for a product. 2. The variable production costs for a product. 3. The products whole wrong. 4. The products expected unit sales. On the surface, break-even analysis is a tool to calculate at which sales quite a little the variable and fixed costs of producing your product will be recover.Another way to look at it is that the break-even point is the point at which your product stops costing you money to urinate and sell, and demoralises to generate a profit for your company. Break even analysis solves various managerial problems Setting price levels A price level is a hypothetical measure of overall prices for some set of goods and services, in a given region during a given interval, normalized relative to some base set. Hence with the help of BEP analysis a firm can watch the price level of product and particular sales batch which is required to produce an X amount of operating profit. Targeting optimal variable/ fixed cost combinations Determining the fi nancial attractiveness of different strategical options for your company. Break even Chart A breakeven chart is a strategic tool used to plot the financial revenue of a business unit against time or sales to determine the point when sales output is equal to revenue generated. This is recognised as the breakeven point. The information used to determine and analyse the breakeven point includes fixed, variable and total costs and the associated sales revenues. The analysis of a breakeven chart considers whether a venture runs at a profit or a loss.A sale preceding(prenominal) the breakeven point indicates keep and profitable growth. The principle of break-even theory is that during the early stages of a business venture, total costs, both fixed and variable, exceed sales. As output increases, sales begin to rise faster than costs and, eventually, they become equal (breakeven point). If sales continue to rise and exceed total costs, the business achieves profitability. The tool assum es that all the goods which are produced will be sold and that costs, namely the price, will roost constant.Likewise, it also relies on the capacity in terms of output to remain unchanged. Breakeven charts are universally applied to simply and graphically illustrate and forecast a companys projected revenue, and to calculate the time for profitability to be reached. It is used by financial and marketing strategists to predict the effect that changes in price will have on the percentage change in sales over time. It is also a useful tool to analyse the relationship between fixed and variable costs and to predict the effect on profitability of changes to those costs. Income Statements gross sales Germany 62032 62653 64219 66216 68203 70249 gross revenue Ukraine 0 4262 17559 25847 37479 48722 Total Net gross revenue 62032 66915 81778 92063 105682 118971 take live & Expenses 32258 35366 44271 49827 61393 71609 Excise duties 9143 9108 10486 11557 11625 13087 Allow ance for doubtful accounts 5 7 38 24 201 60 Total protean Cost 41406 44481 54795 61408 73219 84756 administrative & merchandising Expenses 12481 13014 16274 18505 18500 18500 Depreciation 3609 4314 5844 6068 6766 7448 Total Fixed Cost 16090 ( per hectoliters) Per unit gross revenue 9206300/1173000 = 78. 8508099 Per unit variable cost 61408000/1173000 = 52. 35123615 voice per unit Per unit Sales Per unit variable cost = 26. 3384484 Breakeven efflorescence = Fixed cost/Contribution per unit 24573000/26. 13384 = 940274. 633 Hence Number of units requires to be sold to reach breakeven point=940275 hectoliters Net Sale in year 2000 = 1173000 hectoliters Revenue calculated from the sale of Breakeven volume sales = breakeven point volume* per unit sale price 73797559. 3 Total Variable cost at Breakeven Point = Breakeven volume * Per 940275 * 52. 32123615 = 49224558. 57 unit variabl e cost Total Fixed Cost = 24573000 Total cost of Production of Beer Fixed cost + variable cost 73797558. 57 This analysis identifies the break-even volume, where revenues just equal total costs and Deutsche Brauerei recovers all its fixed cost at the break-even volume sale. Sales above Break-even Point will bring profits for the company. coast of safety (volume) = Total volume change Breakeven volume 1173000 940275 = 232725 hectoliters Margin of Safety (Revenue) = per unit sale price * Margin of safety volume = 78. 48508099 * 232725 = 18265440. 47Variable Cost for selling 232725 hectoliters = per unit variable cost * Margin of Safety (volume) = 52. 35123615 * 232725 = 12183441. 43 Deutsche Breuerei has already covered up fixed cost expense with break even volume sale hence they will make profit above the sale of break even volume. Net profit = Margin of Safety (Revenue) Variable Cost for selling 232725 hectoliters = 18265440. 47 12183441. 43 = 608 1999. 041 From the above analysis it is seen that as the volume increased above the break even volume, the profits rise disproportionately faster. The analysis of a breakeven chart shows that Deutsche Breuerei has to sell more than 940275 hectoliters of beer to start making the profit for the venture.A sale above the breakeven point indicates a continued and profitable growth, and venture makes a profit of 6081999. 041. Hence Deutsche Breuerei should stimulate to the current price level of beer and profit planning. Break even chart of Venture shows that if they can reduce the Production Cost in coming years through new facility and equipment they can increase the profits in long term. As the company is showing a goodish sales of good they can invest on production facility to reduce the per unit production cost and expenses to increases the overall profits. DEUTSCHE BRAUEREI fictional character Analysis- chief 2 MBA PHARM. TECH. (4th year) pic pic ROLL no. depict ROLL NO. NAME 38 Devang Mehta 41 Upasana Nagpal 39 Anand Menon 42 Abhilash Nair 40 Manish Mishra 43 Kadambari Narang trail OF PHARMACY AND TECHNOLOGY MANGEMENT 0pic? 0pic? 0pic? 0pic 1pic1picx1pic1pic? 1picu1pic2pic2pic2picI2pic? 2picN3picl3picA4picA4pic? 4piceOAAAhWI8A hfJh? *B*picOJQJJ? ph333h? *B*picCJOJQJph hNuh? *B*picCJOJQJNet income =Revenue Cost of goods sold Sales discounts Sales returns and allowances Expenses Minority interest Preferred stock dividendsDeutsche BrauereiQUESTION FOR REPORT/ DISCUSSION 2. What are the characteristics of Fund flow statement and its uses? What do the financial forecast and sources and uses of funds statement of company tell us? Discuss about breakeven analysis. What does the breakeven chart of the company tell us? pic Fund Flow Statement Financial statements mainly include profit and loss account and balance sheet. Profit and loss account lists out all the expenses made by the firm and revenue earned over a period of time. Balance sheet depicts the financial position of the firm at a particular point of time.While fund flow statement is complimentary to both balance sheet and profit and loss account, it brings a clear idea about the movement of funds in and out of the firm, during a particular period of time. Meaning of Fund Flow The financial statement of the business indicates assets, liabilities and capital on aparticular date and also the profit or loss during a period. But it is possible that there is enough profit in the business and the financial position is also good and still there may be deficiency of cash or of working capital in business.If the management wants to find out as to where the cash is being utilized, financial statement cannot help. Therefore, a statement is prepared of the sources and applications of funds from where Working Capital comes and it is utilized. This is called Fund Flow statement. Meaning of Fund In a popular and generally accepted sense the term fund is used to denote the excess of cu rrent assets over current liabilities Working Capital = Current Assets Current Liabilities Meaning of Flow of Fund Flow of funds means transmigration (coming and going) of funds.In other words, Flow of funds means change in Working capital, as in funds flow statement the words funds mean net working capital. Hence Coleman rightly states that, The fund statement is statement summarizing the significant financial changes which have occurred between the beginning and the end of a companys accounting period. The flow of fund if is represented by changes in working capital, then it can happen, only if a transaction involves changes on both current item and noncurrent item. Every transaction has double entry. Various cases can be that transaction involves Change on current assets and on fixed assets (cash purchase of fixed assets) o Cash being current item and fixed assets are non current ? Change on current assets and on current assets (credit sale of inventory) o Debtors is a current item and inventory is also current in nature ? Change on current assets and change on current liabilities (payment made to creditors) o Cash is current asset and creditor, current liability ? Change on current liabilities and change on current liabilities (short term loan taken to clear overdraft) ?Change on fixed assets and on fixed liabilities (sale of investments to redeem debentures) So, amongst all these combinations, transactions which involve change, on one hand on current item and on other hand on non current item, they would only lead to fund flow. E. g. * Sell investments in cash. * Issue of shares * Raising long term loans, etc. Thus fund flow statement enumerates various sources from which funds come in organization and various applications which lead to usage of funds. It is an important tool to check the efficiency of management in the firm.It can make future projections about working capital requirements and thus firm can arrange for those requirements and can alloca te funds in a more efficient manner. Preparation of fund flow statement involves preparation of adjusted profit and loss account which is prepared by excluding the non fund and non operating items from the initial figure of net profit. Different Names of Fund-flow Statement * A Funds Statement * A statement of sources and uses of fund * A statement of sources and application of fund * Where got and where gone statement * Inflow and outflow of fund statementObjectives of Fund Flow Statement The main purposes of Fund Flow Statement are 1. To help to understand the changes in assets and asset sources which are not readily evident in the income statement or financial statement. 2. To inform as to how the cans to the business have been used. 3. To point out the financial strengths and weaknesses of the business How to Prepare a Fund Flow Statement Fund flow statements are prepared by taking the balance sheets for two dates representing the coverage period. The increases and decreases mus t then be calculated for each item.Finally, the changes are classified under four categories (1) Long-term sources, (2) long-term uses, (3) short-term sources, (4) short-term uses. It is also important to zero out the non-fund based adjustments in order to capture only the changes that are accompanies by flow of funds. However, income accrued but received and expenses incurred but not received reckoned in the profit and loss statement should not be excluded from the profit figure for the fund flow statement. Fund flow statements can be used to identify a variety of problems in the way a company operates.For example, companies that are using short-term money to finance long-term investments may run into liquidity problems in the future. Meanwhile, a company that is using long-term money to finance short-term investments may not be efficiently utilizing its capital. Steps in Preparation of Fund Flow Statement 1) Preparation of schedule changes in working capital (taking current items only). 2) Preparation of adjusted profit and loss account (to know fund from or fund lost in operations). 3) Preparation of accounts for non-current items (Ascertain the hidden information). 4) Preparation of the fund flow statement.Importance of funds flow statement Funds flow statement is an important analytical tool for external as well as internal uses of financial statements. The users of funds flow statement can be listed as under 1. Managements of various companies are able to review cash budgets with the aid of funds flow statements. They are extensively used by the management in the evaluation of alternative finance & investments. In the evaluation of alternative finance & investment plans, funds flow statement helps the management in the assessment of long-range forecasts of cash requirements & availability of liquid resources.The management can judge the quality of management decisions. 2. Investors are able to measure as how the company has utilized the funds supplied by them & its financial strength with the aid of funds statements. They gauge can the company capacity to generate funds from operations. On the basis of comparative study of the past with the present, investors can locate & identify possible drains on funds in the near future. 3. Funds statement serve as effective tools to the management for economic analysis as it supplies additional information, which cannot be provided by financial statements, based on historical data. . Fund statement explains the relationship between changes in working capital & net profits. Funds statement clearly shows the quantum of funds generated from operations. 5. Funds statement helps in the planning process of a company. They are useful in assessing the resources available and the manner of utilization of resources. 6. Funds statement explains the financial consequences of business activities. They provide explicit & clear awareness to questions regarding liquid & solvency positions of the company, dist ribution of dividend & whether the working capital has been effective or otherwise. 7.Management of companies can forecast in advance the requirements of additional capital & can plan its capital issue accordingly. 8. Fund statement provides clues to the creditors & financial institutions as to the ability of a company to use funds effectively in the best interest of the investors, creditors & the owners of the company. 9. Funds statement indicates the adequacy or inadequacy of working capital. 10. The information contained in fund flow statement is more reliable, dependable & consistent as it is prepared to include funds generated from operations & not net profit after depreciation. 11.Funds flow statement clearly indicate how profits have been invested, whether investments in fixed assets or inventories or ploughed back. Financial forecast A financial forecast is normally an estimate of future financial outcomes for a company. Using historical internal accounting and sales data, i n addition to external market and economic indicators, a financial forecast is an economists best guess of what will happen to a company in financial terms over a given time period which is usually one year. In this case, the company has forecasted its data for the years 2001 and 2002. Sources of funds 1. Net IncomeNet incomeis equal to theincomethat a firm has after subtracting costs andexpensesfrom the totalrevenue. Netincome can be distributed among holders of common stock as adividendor held by the firm as contain earnings. The items deducted will typically includetax expense, financing expense (interest expense), andminority interest. Net income is informally called thebottom linebecause it is typically found on the last line of a companysincome statement. pic The forecasted net income is increasing in the projected year. It has been projected that there would be an increase in the net income of 28% in 2001 and 17% in 2002.This can be credited to their expansion strategy in th e coming years. There has been a dip in the net income in the year 1999 owning to the depreciation of Ukrainian currency by 125%. 2. Allowance for doubtful accounts The allowance for doubtful accounts is a balance sheet account that reduces the reported amount of accounts receivable. Providing an allowance for doubtful accounts presents a more realistic picture of how much of the accounts receivable will be turning to cash. If a firm has made a sufficient provision in its allowance for doubtful accounts, reported earnings will not be penalized by bad debts when the bad debts occur.If uncollectible accounts are larger than expected, however, the firm will have to increase the size of the account and reduce reported income. pic There has been a sharp increase in allowance for doubtful accounts in the year 2001 which subsequently reduced. This can be linked to the increase in the credit they plan to give to the distributors owning to their expansion plans for the period and their recov ery policy. The increase in doubtful accounts is a bad sign for the financial position for the company. 3. Depreciation Anoncash expensethat reduces thevalueof anasset as aresultofwear and tear, age, orobsolescence.Most assets lose their value over time (in otherwords, they depreciate), and must be replaced once the end of their useful lifeis reached. Because it is anon-cash expense, depreciation lowers thecompanysreportedearningswhile increasingfree cash flow. Calculated by two methods 1. Straight Line Depreciation Method 2. Declining Balance Depreciation Method pic There has been gradual rise in the depreciation in the projected years. This can be related to increase in their number of assets (they are planning to buy more equipments and properties) which would lead to devaluation eventually. 4.Short-Term Debt The account which comprises of any debt incurred by a company that is due within one year. The debt in this account is usually made up of short-term bank loans taken out by a company. The value of this account is very important when determininga companysfinancial health. If the account is larger than the companyscash and cash equivalents, this suggests that the companymay bein poor financial health and does not haveenough cash to pay off its short-term debts. Althoughshort-term debts are due within a year, there may be a portion of the long-term debt included in this account.This portion pertains to payments that must be made onany long-term debt throughout the year. pic In initial years they heavily depended on short term debts. Over the years the financial health of the company improved which lead to the reduction in the debts. Owning to their credit policy and increase in investment in fixed assets, the company is not able to recover the money. This could have lead to increase in short term borrowings. 5. Accounts Payable An accounting entry that represents an entitys obligation to payoff a short-term debt toits creditors.The accounts payable entry is found on a balance sheet under the heading current liabilities. Accounts payable are debts that must be paid off within a given period of time in order to avoid default. pic Increase in accounts payable shows that the company is making more purchases on credit. It could be due to taking more time to pay bills, buying more products on credit, paying higher prices for credit purchases. 6. Other Current Liabilities A balance sheet entry used by companies to group together current liabilities that are not assigned to common liabilities such as debt obligations or accounts payable.Companies will group together these other current liabilities into one account on the balance sheet for the sake of simplicity. pic Since this category is made up of accruals and similar items, it increases as the company gets larger. It increased in 1999 owning to higher investment in Ukraine. The increase in the other current liabilities has been more or less stable in the projected years. 7. Total sources of cash It is the sum total of all the components of sources of funds. pic Uses of Funds 8. Dividend PaymentsDividends are payments made by a corporation to its shareholder members. It is the portion of corporate profits paid out to stockholders. When a corporation earns a profit or surplus, that money can be put to two uses it can either be re-invested in the business (called retained earnings), or it can be paid to the shareholders as a dividend. Many corporations retain a portion of their earnings and pay the remainder as a dividend. pic There is a sharp increase in the dividend payment as the company is projecting a higher increase in their profits.The dividends are paid from the net income from the same year. Increase in dividend payments implies strong commitment to maintain higher level of dividends in the future. 9. Increases in cash balance Amount of available cash that a management decides to maintain in cash planning, to avoid or cover up cash shortfalls resulting from m ismatch between cash inflows and outflows during an accounting period. pic The company is having optimum cash balance hence maintaining sufficient working capital. 10. & 11. Increases in accounts receivableAccounts receivable (A/R) is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of customers who owe money to a person, company or organization for goods and services that have been provided to the customer. In most business entities this is typically done by generating an invoice and mailing or electronically delivering it to the customer, who in turn must pay it within an established timeframe called credit or payment terms. pic In Germany, the company has maintained a tight hold on the credit that they supply to the distributors thus there isnt a significant change in the accounts receivable as compared to Ukraine. pic Increases in accounts receivable (Ukraine) that is disproportionate to any growth in revenue may indicate the company is having trouble collecti ng money from its customers. Depending on the companys cash situation, this could require the company to borrow money to plug the hole from the unpaid money it is owed by its customers. Eventually, the company might need to write-off some of these accounts receivable as bad debt, in recognition of the fact that some customers might never pay. In extreme cases, the company might run out of cash and have to shut down. 12. Increases in inventoriesInventory is a list for goods and materials, or those goods and materials themselves, held available in stock by a business. An organizations inventory can appear a mixed blessing, since it counts as an asset on the balance sheet, but it also ties up money that could serve for other purposes and requires additional expense for its protection. Inventory may also cause significant tax expenses, depending on particular countries laws regarding depreciation of inventory. Inventory appears as a current asset on an organizations balance sheet becaus e the organization can, in principle, turn it into cash by selling it.Some organizations hold larger inventories than their operations require in order inflating their apparent asset value and their perceived profitability. pic The fragile distribution system in Ukraine pre-2000 lead to increase in the inventories of the company as company is working on improving the distribution channel due to which the product flow has been projected to be smooth in coming years leading to decrease in inventory which is a healthy financial sign. 13. Increases in other assets Assets are economic resources owned by business or company.Two major asset classes are tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets. Current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are nonphysical resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the market place. Examples of intangible assets are goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, and financial assets, including such items as accounts receivable, bonds and stocks. pic There is a negative growth in the increase in the other assets because of the depreciation of other assets and they are not planning to acquire any new assets in near future. By 2002 they are planning to buy enough assets just to overcome the negative growth. 14. Reductions in long-term debt Long-term debts are loans and financial obligations that last for over one year. For example, debts obligations such as bonds and notes, which have maturities greater than one year, would be considered as long-term debts. pic Reduction in long term debts from 1998 to 1999 could be due to overnight success of the company in Ukraine. The sound financial condition of the company has ensured the stable repayment of long term loans and would continue to do so in future. 15. Cap ital Expenditures Capital expenditures (CAPEX or capex) are expenditures creating future benefits. A capital expenditure is incurred when a business spends money either to buy fixed assets or to add to the value of an existing fixed asset ith a useful life that extends beyond the taxable year. Capex are used by a company to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as equipment, property, or industrial buildings. pic The sharp increase in the CAPEX can be explained by the inflow of capital through long term debts and the operating profit the company is planning to achieve in the projected period. 16. Total uses of cash It is the sum total of all the use components in the fund flow statement. pic Break Even AnalysisThe break-even point for a product is the point where total revenue received equals the total costs associated with the sale of the product (TR=TC). A break-even point is typically calculated in order for businesses to determine if it would be profitable to sell a proposed p roduct, as opposed to attempting to modify an existing product instead so it can be made lucrative. Break even analysis can also be used to analyse the potential profitability of an expenditure in a sales-based business. Breakeven analysis is a management accounting tool used for profit planning of a firm.Profit planning is a function of the selling price of a unit of product, the variable cost of making and selling the product, the volume of product unit sold and in case of multi-product companies, sales mix and finally, the total fixed costs. Breakeven point (for output) = fixed cost / contribution per unit. Break-even analysis is a technique widely used by production management and management accountants. It is based on categorising production costs between those which are variable (costs that change when the production output changes) and those that are fixed (costs not directly related to the volume of production).Total variable and fixed costs are compared with sales revenue i n order to determine thelevel of sales volume, sales value or production at which the business makes neither a profit nor a loss (the break-even point). Break even analysis depends on the following variables 1. The fixed production costs for a product. 2. The variable production costs for a product. 3. The products unit price. 4. The products expected unit sales. On the surface, break-even analysis is a tool to calculate at which sales volume the variable and fixed costs of producing your product will be recovered.Another way to look at it is that the break-even point is the point at which your product stops costing you money to produce and sell, and starts to generate a profit for your company. Break even analysis solves various managerial problems Setting price levels A price level is a hypothetical measure of overall prices for some set of goods and services, in a given region during a given interval, normalized relative to some base set. Hence with the help of BEP analysis a fi rm can determine the price level of product and particular sales volume which is necessary to produce an X amount of operating profit. Targeting optimal variable/ fixed cost combinations Determining the financial attractiveness of different strategic options for your company. Break even Chart A breakeven chart is a strategic tool used to plot the financial revenue of a business unit against time or sales to determine the point when sales output is equal to revenue generated. This is recognised as the breakeven point. The information used to determine and analyse the breakeven point includes fixed, variable and total costs and the associated sales revenues. The analysis of a breakeven chart considers whether a venture runs at a profit or a loss.A sale above the breakeven point indicates continued and profitable growth. The principle of break-even theory is that during the early stages of a business venture, total costs, both fixed and variable, exceed sales. As output increases, sal es begin to rise faster than costs and, eventually, they become equal (breakeven point). If sales continue to rise and exceed total costs, the business achieves profitability. The tool assumes that all the goods which are produced will be sold and that costs, namely the price, will remain constant.Likewise, it also relies on the capacity in terms of output to remain unchanged. Breakeven charts are universally applied to simply and graphically illustrate and forecast a companys projected revenue, and to calculate the time for profitability to be reached. It is used by financial and marketing strategists to predict the effect that changes in price will have on the percentage change in sales over time. It is also a useful tool to analyse the relationship between fixed and variable costs and to predict the effect on profitability of changes to those costs. Income Statements Sales Germany 62032 62653 64219 66216 68203 70249 Sales Ukraine 0 4262 17559 25847 37479 48722 To tal Net Sales 62032 66915 81778 92063 105682 118971 Production Cost & Expenses 32258 35366 44271 49827 61393 71609 Excise duties 9143 9108 10486 11557 11625 13087 Allowance for doubtful accounts 5 7 38 24 201 60 Total Variable Cost 41406 44481 54795 61408 73219 84756 Administrative & Selling Expenses 12481 13014 16274 18505 18500 18500 Depreciation 3609 4314 5844 6068 6766 7448 Total Fixed Cost 16090 ( per hectoliters) Per unit Sales 9206300/1173000 = 78. 8508099 Per unit variable cost 61408000/1173000 = 52. 35123615 Contribution per unit Per unit Sales Per unit variable cost = 26. 3384484 Breakeven Point = Fixed cost/Contribution per unit 24573000/26. 13384 = 940274. 633 Hence Number of units requires to be sold to reach breakeven point=940275 hectoliters Net Sale in year 2000 = 1173000 hectoliters Revenue calculated from the sale of Breakeven volume sales = breakeven point volume* per unit sale price 73797559. 3 Total Variable cost at Breakeven Point = Breakeven volume * Per 940275 * 52. 32123615 = 49224558. 57 unit variable cost Total Fixed Cost = 24573000 Total cost of Production of Beer Fixed cost + variable cost 73797558. 57 This analysis identifies the break-even volume, where revenues just equal total costs and Deutsche Brauerei recovers all its fixed cost at the break-even volume sale. Sales above Break-even Point will bring profits for the company. Margin of Safety (volume) = Total volume Sold Breakeven volume 1173000 940275 = 232725 hectoliters Margin of Safety (Revenue) = per unit sale price * Margin of safety volume = 78. 48508099 * 232725 = 18265440. 47Variable Cost for selling 232725 hectoliters = per unit variable cost * Margin of Safety (volume) = 52. 35123615 * 232725 = 12183441. 43 Deutsche Breuerei has already covered up fixed cost expense with break even volume sale hence they will make profit above the sale of break even volume. Net profit = Margin of Safety (Revenue) Variable Cost for selling 232725 hectoliters = 18265440. 47 12183441. 43 = 6081999. 041 From the above analysis it is seen that as the volume increased above the break even volume, the profits rise disproportionately faster. The analysis of a breakeven chart shows that Deutsche Breuerei has to sell more than 940275 hectoliters of beer to start making the profit for the venture.A sale above the breakeven point indicates a continued and profitable growth, and venture makes a profit of 6081999. 041. Hence Deutsche Breuerei should stick to the current price level of beer and profit planning. Break even chart of Venture shows that if they can reduce the Production Cost in coming years through new facility and equipment they can increase the profits in long term. As the company is showing a healthy sales of good they can invest on production facility to reduce the per unit production cost and expenses to increases the overall profits. DEUTSCHE BRAUEREI Case Analysis- Question 2 MBA PHARM. TECH. (4th year) pic pic ROLL NO. NAME ROLL NO. NAME 38 Devang Mehta 41 Upasana Nagpal 39 Anand Menon 42 Abhilash Nair 40 Manish Mishra 43 Kadambari Narang SCHOOL OF PHARMACY AND TECHNOLOGY MANGEMENT 0pic? 0pic? 0pic? 0pic 1pic1picx1pic1pic? 1picu1pic2pic2pic2picI2pic? 2picN3picl3picA4picA4pic? 4piceOAAAhWI8A hfJh? *B*picOJQJJ? ph333h? *B*picCJOJQJph hNuh? *B*picCJOJQJNet income =Revenue Cost of goods sold Sales discounts Sales returns and allowances Expenses Minority interest Preferred stock dividends

Depth first-aid and the branches of it Essay

first of all Aid, emergency care for a dupe of jerky illness or injury until more skillful medical treatment is available. First aid may save a life or improve certain vital signs including momentum, temperature, a patent (unobstructed) airway, and vivacious. In fry emergencies, counterbalance aid may keep open a dupes condition from worsening and provide relief from pain. First aid essential be administe bolshie as quickly as possible. In the case of the critically hurt, a few minutes bottom make the difference amidst complete recovery and loss of life.The First aid measures depend upon a victims needs and the providers level of companionship and skill. Knowing what not to do in an emergency is as all-important(a) as knowing what to do. Improperly moving a individual with a neck injury, for example, can lead to permanent spinal injury and paralysis. condescension the variety of injuries possible, several principles of first aid apply to all emergencies. The first s tep is to call for professional medical help. Determine that the scene of the chance is safe before attempting to provide first aid. The victim, if conscious should be calm that medical aid has been requested, and asked for permission to provide any first aid. Next, task the scene, asking bystanders or the injured persons family or friends nearly details of the injury or illness, any care that may comport already been given, and preexisting conditions such as diabetes or heart trouble. The victim should be checked for a medical bracelet or mentality that describes special medical conditions. Unless the accident scene becomes unsafe or the victim may suffer further injury, do not move the victim.First aid requires rapid assessment of victims to determine whether life-threatening conditions exist. One regularity for evaluating a victims condition is known by the acronym ABCs, which stands forA Airwayis it open and unobstructed?B Breathingis the person traceing? Look, listen, and feel for breathing.C Circulationis there a pulse? Is the person haemorrhage externally? Checkskin color and temperature for additional indications of circulation problems.Once frank injuries have been evaluated, the injured persons head should be unploughed in a neutral position in line with the body. If no evidence exists to suggest potential skull or spinal injury, place the injured person in a comfortable position. Positioned on one side, a victim can vomit without choking or obstructing the airway.Before treating item injuries, protect the victim from shocka depression of the bodys vital functions that, left untreated, can result in death. Shock occurs when strain pressure (pressure exerted against channel vessel walls) drops and the organs do not perplex enough blood, depriving them of oxygen and nutrients. The symptoms of shock are anxiety or edginess pale, cool, clammy skin a weak but rapid pulse shallow breathing bluish lips and nausea. These symptoms may not b e bare immediately, as shock can develop several hours after an accident. To prevent shock, the victim should be covered with blankets or warm clothes to assign a normal body temperature. The victims feet should be elevated. Be perk up of the riskiness of abdominal injuries, nothing should be administered by mouth.Asphyxiation occurs when air cannot occur the lungs, cutting off the supply of oxygen to circulating blood. This can cause irreparable damage to the brain. Among the causes of asphyxiation are drowning, gas poisoning, overdose of narcotics, electrocution, choking, and strangulation. Victims may collapse, be unable to speak or breathe, and have bluish skin. close to people will suffer brain death within cardinal to six minutes after breathing ceases unless first aid is administered.In the case of choking, a procedure known as the Heimlich maneuver can be used to clear the windpipe of food or different objects. In this procedure quick upward thrusts are applied to the victims abdomen to eject the object blocking the windpipe.For victims of other types of asphyxiation, the closely practical method of artificial respiration is the mouth-to-mouth technique in which the first-aid provider forcefully exhales air into the victims lungs after first modify the airway of any obstruction. The provider tilts the victims head receding(prenominal) by placing one hand under the victims lift and lifting while the other hand presses down on the victims forehead. At this point, the mouth and airway can be checked for overseas objects, which can be removed with the fingers.In cases of drowning, artificial respiration should be attempted even if the victim appears dead. People submerged in frosty water for more than 30 minutes who appeared blue have responded to first-aid efforts and acquire with no brain damage.The presence of blood over a tidy area of a persons body does not forever indicate severe be givening. The blood may ooze from multiple littler wounds or be smeared, giving the appearance of more blood than is truly present. The rate at which blood is lost from a wound depends on the size and kind of blood vessel ruptured. Bright red, spurting blood indicates injury to an artery while welling or steadily flowing, dark red blood indicates injury to a vein.Welling or spurting blood is an unequivocal sign of severe bleeding. If a major artery ruptures, a person may bleed to death within a minute. Injuries to veins and minor arteries bleed more slowly but may also be opprobrious if left unattended. Shock usually results from loss of fluids, such as blood, and mustiness be prevented as soon as the loss of blood has been stopped.A poisonous substance introduced into the body through the mouth or odourise causes symptoms such as nausea, cramps, and vomiting. Poisons include ototoxic medications, herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides, household disinfectants, and noxious gases.In a case of poisoning, the first-aid provider should remove the victim from a toxic environment, then contact the poison control center listed in closelyUnited States phone books. If the number is unavailable, the provider should call a mendelevium or hospital emergency department. If possible, the provider should try to identify the poison, every by questioning the victim or searching for suspicious containers. Containers of many an(prenominal) poisonous substances list the antidote, or remedy, on the label. Burns or stains on the skin or a characteristic odor on the breath may also help the first-aid provider recognize the poison.Unless instructed to do so by the poison control center, the first-aid provider should never give a poisoning victim anything to eat or drink. Vomiting should not be induced unless the poison control center recommends it. If the victim vomits, the first-aid provider should gimmick the individual on the side and clear the airway. Before clearing the victims mouth of any obstructions, however, the provider should first put on clean first-aid gloves or wrap a cloth around his or her fingers. If the person who ingested the poison is unconscious, the airway, breathing, and circulation should be checked and CPR started if necessary.

Critical Thinking Midterm Notes

Pseudoscience is w present a assert is set forth as a reason for accept a nonher ph unriv wholeed call just now that is all logically irrelevant to the law of the varianceer(a) offer or other(a)wise fails to provide sensitive support. In this part of the course we atomic human action 18 start out to leaven motives, or, stated overmuch accurately, would-be arguments, where people advance reasons for their thoughts that In concomitant do non support them. at that place atomic number 18 both mall types of pseudoscience those that call d accept to emotions and those constructed Like touch adequate arguments scarcely failing In the essential task of providing real support.Lessons 10 and 1 1 provide examine extemporaneousness types that cost to emotions. Lesson 12 testament study extemporaneousness types constructed Like real arguments. Beca office extemporaneousness Is de okd disallowly (what It Is non) It does non lend Itself to technical categorization. The tierification offered In these lessons ar not exhaustive and whitethorn overlap or flux to capture precisely what has gone injure In an argument. While we must(prenominal) bring down over a common language to communicate about(predicate) dissimilar types of pseudoscience, the prove of these lessons is to alert you to a number of ways in which reason out fails.When you have finished this course, you whitethorn quickly for sustain the some(prenominal) label and labels but remain alert to failures in reasoning. roughhewn Forms of Pseudoscience/Fallacies 1 . smokescreen/Red Herring 2. The Subjectivist Fallacy 3. cultivate up to Belief 4. Common bore 5. Peer pressure level and Bandwagon 6. devouring(prenominal) thought process 7. Sc are Tactics 8. collection to Pity 9. apple Polishing 10. Horse Laugh/Ridicule/ satire 11 . Appeal to Anger or impatience 12. Two Wrongs pull in up a Right The above list is not exhaustive. Each go out be explained In the next section. Definitions/Descriptions of Extemporaneousness Types 1 .Smokescreen/Red Herring to the highest degree pseudonymous Introduce Irrelevant con caserations Into a discussion, but a smokescreen or red herring does not fit Into one of the more specific categories. Typically It Involves the deliberate Introduction of Irrelevant topic or con cheekration In order to throw the discussion off course. type Professor Conway complains of Inadequate parking on our campus. Duty did you fuck that remainder year Conway carried on a torrid love af bazaar with a member of the English Department? Enough say about Conway. come upon the shift from the stoic of inadequate parking to the irrelevant topic of a torrid love affair 2.The Subjectivist Fallacy The structure of this dropacy is That may be genuine for you, but it is not for me, fact and matters of opinion. In the subjective orb of pure opinion (for practice, what I opine of a picky movie), I am entitled to my opinion. Howev er, in the objective world of facts (for example, the sidereal day of the week), I do not enjoy the same latitude. I am not entitled to my pro take on facts. 3. Appeal to Belief The physique is X is true because everyone ( many a(prenominal) people, or so societies, others) reckon that it is true. It is a distorted version of the reasonable practice of accepting the direct from a seasonable authority.Because people may in fact be experts on a subject, you must paying digest supervise in distinguishing between mature and bad versions of this reasoning. For example, Physicians consider regimen high in saturated fat unsafe, is a bully appeal to belief. On the other hand, Physicians consider overseas stocks unsafe, is a bad appeal to belief. 4. Common Practice is where an action is defended by calling attention to the fact that the action is a common one (not to be conf utilize with appeals for fair play). It seeks to let off an action on the railyard of its familiarity o r typicality.It differs from appeal to belief in that it specifically aims at calling an action acceptable, without mentioning the beliefs people may have about what they comm unaccompanied do. The most common form of this pseudoscience is, Everyone does it. For example, Everyone cheats on their taxes, is use as Justification for me cheating on my taxes. 5. Peer Pressure/Bandwagon is a pattern of pseudoscience in which you are in found menace with rejection by your friends, relatives, etc. , if you dont accept a certain shout. People very much act in a certain way because their friends do.A crucifix has a great deal been swept up behind a send packingdidate or consumer product, the victim of fashion. just now this behavior in itself is not pseudoscience. When you go along with friends or a mob to gain social acceptance, you are reasoning justly about what result get you accepted, whether or not that acceptance is what is best. The phenomenon turns into pseudoscience alt ogether when one cites the peers or crowds activity as a reason for the honor of a claim. Voting for the most popular political burn downdidate in order to feel at one with your community is, though foolish perhaps, not pseudoscience.Arguing that the candidate is the best one on the ground of that popularity is pseudoscience. 6. Wishful Thinking Believing that round amour is true because you want it to be true (or believing that it is false because you dont want it to be true). For example, I refuse to believe that as well much exposure to the sun causes skin cancer, because I would have to allot up my habit of sunba topic at the beach. 7. Scare Tactics is a pattern of pseudoscience in which someone says, in pitch, X is so because of Y (where Y induces fear in the listener). The emotion being appealed to is fear. However, you need to watch for the conflict between Justified and unjustified appeals to fear. If you dont check your parachute before saltation out of the plane, you may die is an excellent argument. But the pressure used by car sales soulfulness, for example, indicating that the deal offered is only available today commonly involves scare tactics, the inducing of fear in order to pay a sale. 8. Appeal to Pity is where someone tries to induce acceptance of a claim by eliciting com pull throughion or condolence.The appeal to pity works barely like a scare tactic, except for the different emotions at stake. As in the appeal to pity, this appeal becomes pseudoscience when the pity is irrelevant. Logic and Critical Thinking does not hold to the notion that you can show no pity and pity is not always irrelevant 9. Reason for accepting a claim. ( It also has less flattering names ) flyer that apple polishing can take subtle forms, for example, Youre too in tell apartigent to believe in mental telepathy. Appeals to flattery have fewer legitimate versions than the last both (appeals to fear and pity), but they do exist.For example, You shoul d wear the gold sweater alternatively of the red one, because it brings out your beautiful eyes. 10. Horse Laugh/Ridicule/ badinage is a pattern of pseudoscience in which ridicule is disguised as a reason for rejecting a claim. It is a way to avoid arguing about a position by simply laughing at it. financing the Equal Rights Amendment? Sure, as soon as the ladies start purchasing the drinks Ha, ha, ha. belt Lumbago relies heavily on this one. 11. Appeal to Anger or Indignation A pattern of pseudoscience in which someone tries to induce acceptance of a claim by arousing scandalisation or anger.It obscures the relevant issues by arousing ones anger, peculiarly at some person or concourse. bind in oral sex that expressions of anger (like emotionally aerated language) do not by themselves give something an appeal to anger or indignation. The appeal to anger or indignation counts as pseudoscience because it reverses the appropriate relationship between wrongdoing and anger. It is one thing to get angry because you see something wrong being done but the appeal to anger tries to make you call something wrong because you feel angry.Most commonly, much(prenominal) appeals arouse anger against a person before getting to the specifics of the argument, earlier than giving vent to indignation after sho move ong that something wrong as been done, a common tactic in the rhetoric of politicians. 12. Two Wrongs consort into a Right pattern Its acceptable to A to do X to B because B would do X to A, said where Ass doing X to B is not necessary to prevent Bis doing X to A. unity Justifies some action that hurts another person on the grind that the other person has done (or is likely to do) the same kind of harm.Because many people exit see Justice in cases of returning harm for harm, this kind of pseudoscience is demanding to distinguish from legitimate reasoning. Two wrongs make a right is not identical with revenge, UT applies specifically to those circumst ances in which the revenging act is illegitimate. Responding to archaic service at a restaurant by telling your friends not to eat in that location may be vengeful, but does not fall low this category of pseudoscience. But if you slip out without paying and Justify yourself on the grounds that the waiters were rude, you are engaging in pseudoscience.Unnamed Classify the pseudoscience in the following examples 1 . L cant believe the mayor wants to use the patrol Department as security guards for our schools. While hes at it, why not have them collect our garbage? 2. Biker I refuse to buy Nipponese motorcycles. I dont believe in doing business with Communist countries. Reporter But Japan isnt Communist. Biker Well to me they are. 3. Officer Excuse me, sir. Do you know how troubled you were going? Driver I never get over the muckle of you mounted policemen. How do you leap protrude off the horses back so fast? And you must have them well trained, not to run out when you dismou nt. . Dear Editors When AH Saccharin wrote in to criticize city workers, he didnt mention his occupation. maybe hes a millionaire without a care in the world, hat he has the quaternionth dimension to criticize people working for him if hes even a taxpayer. 5. Ladies and gentlemen of the Jury My lymph node stands before you accused of three bank story, who will have a hard time getting food on their table if their popping goes to prison. 6. My opponent would like to see TV networks label their programming, on the grounds that violent shows make children who watch them violent. But everyone knows a couple of shows cant change your personality. . I had to get a garage built last summer. Who wants to be the last person on the block to park his car in the open air? 8. There must be life on other planets. Imagine how lonely well come upon the universe if we discover that were the only ones here. 9. Judge Cunningham keeps striking lot our state gun chasten laws. She had break up say good-bye to any hopes for a Supreme Court ap runment, as long as we have a democrat in the clear House. 10. My opponent would like to see TV networks label their programming, on the grounds that violent shows make children who watch them violent.Next they wont allow any shows from France, on the grounds that children who watch them will become French. 11. Im a disabled Vietnam veteran. Why can I only get a six-month license to carry on pretzels from my go-cart? You have to be a foreigner with a green mental capacity to make a living in this democracy. 12. The United States is under no obligation to pay its debts to the United Nations. Here we are, the biggest contributor to the UN budget, and we only get one vote out of 185. 13. How can Moslems be opposed to downpour beverages? People have been drinking them since before the beginning of history. 4. Why do you take a bus to work when most people drive? 15. Give that woman a dollar. I see her on this break every day crying . And she seems to be ill. 16. Ladies and gentlemen, that concludes my proposal. You know that I trust and value your Judgment. Even if you do not approve my request, I am expert Just to have had the chance to present this proposal to such commensurate experts. Thank you. 17. Letter to the editor Your magazine expresses sympathy for Annie Larson, a acknowledged fashion victim because animal rights terrorists splashed paint on her mink coat.But when I think of those dozens of animals maimed and anally electrocuted to satisfy someones vanity, I know who the real victims are, and whos he terrorist. Answers to work up Questions 1. Horse laugh. 2. Subjective illusion 3. Apple polishing. This also counts as smokescreen, but thats not the best answer here 4. Appeal to indignation. 5. Appeal to pity. 6. Appeal to belief. 7. No pseudoscience. The person wants to keep up with the neighbors, but is not asserting that a garage is a good thing in itself. 8. Wishful thinking. 9. Scare tact ic. 10. Horse laugh 11. Appeal to anger and appeal to pity. 12. Two wrongs make a right 13.Common practice. 14. Common practice. 17. Two wrongs make a right. Unrepresentative Persuasion An attempt to win acceptance for a claim, but not giving reasons in support. kind of of reasons, devices in the claims themselves are re be upon, such as, emotive language, positive or negative. political campaign literary works makes generous use of emotive language, with few reasons presented in support of the issues or candidates. For example, Copal, a conservative Republican support group, developed a directory of words to be used in paternity literature and letters, in preparing speeches, and in producing material for the electronic media.When writing about your own candidate r issue, emotively positive words (commonsense, courage, dream, duty, family, strength, truth, vision, liberty) are recommended. However, negatively dashd words (betray, cheat, disgrace, failure, excuses, liberal, welf are self-serving) are used when defining your opponent. It is a worth(predicate) exercise for this class to examine some campaign literature. You may find some interesting material on the web. If you do, share it with us on the bulletin plank. Some words of caution Our writing should not be boring.An argument couched in emotive language is not necessarily false, but nuns the risk of adding more heat than clarity to the issue. Using the study in this section increase sensitivity to the difference between illegitimate untypical persuasion and appropriate use of lively or emotively charged language. jade Linguistic device used to affect opinions, attitudes, and behavior without argumentation. I t does not necessarily mean that slattern mis range, sooner we primarily examine slattern to become aware of the shadings of language.Good arguments may come in lie language, but such arguments should not be accepted uncritically. 1 . Euphemisms (good sounds) are words used as substitutes for expressions that may offend, for example, naturalization is substituted for assassination, freedom fighters for guerrillas. By substituting guerrillas with the emotively positive words freedom fighters, emotively positive words, you want to build support for them. Euphemisms are entirely acceptable when they foster civility or diplomacy, for example, passing away as opposed to died when speaking of a new-fashioned bereavement. . Dismisses The opposite of euphemism is banishes, that is, words are used to produce a negative effect or attitude. For example, freedom fighter is a euphemism for guerrilla or terrorist, trance terrorist, a negatively charged word, is a dismisses. 3. Persuasive comparisons, definitions, and explanations are used to slant what they say. A smooth-tongued comparison slants, positively or negatively, by linking our feeling about a person or thing to the person or thing we compare it to Her complexion is as colour as whale blubber, or Her complexion is l ike new fall snow. 4. A persuasive definition uses askew language when defining a term spontaneous abortion is the killing of innocent human life, or Abortion is a safe and effective reoccurred for relieving a woman of an unwanted buck. To help oneself seeing an issue from all sides, avoid definitions that slant the discussion. 5. Persuasive explanations use similarly loaded language to tell the reason for an event He lost the fight because he lost his nerve or He lost because he was too cautious. 6. Assuming that every member of the class has the same set of characteristics both women are poor managers, or all(prenominal) liberals are fiscally irresponsible. 7. Innuendo involves the insinuation of something derogatory She is competent, in many ways, r He told the truth this time, or Far be it from me to paint a picture that my opponent is lying. 8. A loaded question follows the logic of innuendo, illegitimately suggesting something by means of the very existence of the question When did you incorporate beating our wife. The secret to misgiving loaded questions is to recognize that there are two questions involved. In the example above the two questions are 1) Did you beat your wife, and 2) When did you stop beating her. The loaded question illegitimately assumes a positive answer to number 1) and therefore illegitimately expects n answer to number 2). 9. A weaseled is a linguistic method of watering down or weakening of a claim in order to spare it criticism. Words like may and possibly, and measure up phrases like as far as we know or within reasonable limits, are some common examples of weasels afoot.Weasels, often used in advertising, suck out all the strength a claim to the point of saying small-minded or nothing Three out of four dentists surveyed recommend sugarless gum for their patients who chew gum. . 10. A downplayed is a linguistic device to make something seem less important than it ally is exploitation is merely a theory, or using such words as however and although. 11. Proof surrogates expressions used to suggest there is evidence or authority for a claim without citing it. For example, informed stems, its overt that or studies show. When writing research papers be careful to cite your springs and avoid the charge of proof surrogate. 12. Hyperbole is an extravagant over teaching. For example, describing a hangnail as a study injury, or a teenager describing parents as fascists because of a midnight curfew. Note Is there a method for telling one kind of colorful from another? You will find that the distinctions are partial, often overlapping, and to some finis vague. The organization of slattern into types is meant to assist critical reasoning, not to replace it with usage acts of labeling.In order to arrive at the best name for the one-sided in a given example, eliminate those possibilities whose very form gives them away A loaded question must be in the form of a question a persuasive compari son is a comparison persuasive definitions and explanations are definitions and explanations before they are anything else. If none of these categories fits the example, the slanted assuming there is one must be euphemism, dismisses, stereotype, innuendo, weaseled, downplayed, hyperbole, or proof surrogate. So, figure for the obvious structural cues, loaded (emotive) language, and the intended effects.The process of elimination will lead you to the best description of the slanted. Exercise 9-1 Determine which of the numbered, italicized words and phrases are used as slattern in the following passage The big gold guys (1) who have smuggled (2) the Rancho Vaccine development onto the November ballot will stop at nothing to have this town run Just simply as they want (3). It is manageable (4) that Rancho Venin will cause traffic congestion on the east side of town, and its perfectly clear that (5) the number of houses that will be built will overload the sewer system. But (6) a s mall number of individuals have taken up the fight. 7.Can the developers be stop in their desire Innuendo, dismisses 1. Dismisses, 2. Hyperbole 3. Weaseled 4. Proof surrogate 5. No slanted in this instance. 6. Loaded question. See if you can identify the two questions involved. Exercise 9-2 Identify any slattern you find in the following driveions 1. Its possible that your insurance agent misfiled your claim. Surely he would not have lied to you about it. 2. National Health Care The compassion of the IRS and the efficiency of the bit office, all at Pentagon prices. 3. Well have to work harder to get Representative Burger reelected because of this little run-in with the law. . During World War II, the United States government resettled many people of Japanese ancestry in internment camps. 5. Morgan has decided to run for state senator. Im sorry to hear that hes decided to become a politician. 6. Ill tell you what capitalism is Capitalism is Charlie humanson tinting in Folsom Pris on for all those murders and distillery making a bunch of bucks off T- shirts promoted by Guns N Roses. Answers to Exercise 9-2 1 . Innuendo (bringing up the subject of lying while being able to deny that the accusation is being made). 2. Persuasive definition. 3.Euphemism (little run-in with the law). 4. Euphemism (resettled, and internment camps), To affirmation avoids the fact that Japanese were forced into concentration camps, not resettled voluntarily. 5. No slanted. You index disagree Give your input on the bulletin board or by e-mail. 6. Persuasive definition. Information Tailoring and the News One study way of influencing a persons behavior or attitude is select the cultivation one receives. In an open society it is difficult to visit the information people receive. At the same time, if you get your information from one source this is what happens.The best way of defending yourself against unrepresentative persuasion is to be well informed and to read widely, using man y sources. We get most of our information on a daily basis from the mass media BBC, CBS, NBC, CNN and the major newspapers. A newspaper professes to present the facts objectively. However, all information must pass through the subjective mind, so objectivity is an ideal rather than a strict reality. The tabloids do not strive for the same level of objectivity by checking their sources. The same can be said for many of the TV news magazine programs, which have grown in popularity in late(a) years.From the television stations point of view, they are an excellent source of profits, because they are cheap to produce and remain popular for a dwindling audience. Keep in mind that the media are private businesses and as such are in the business of making money. For his reason the media cannot afford to offend their constituents readers, advertisers, or the government, who provides them with licenses to operate or can make life difficult by withholding information, and the over zealous appl ication of tax laws. Main pour out views are promoted, while the controversial is left to smaller news stories.Most of the information is given to them in press releases from politicians, Congress, the White House, local police forces, and local city halls. Companies of any size also issue press releases on a regular basis. A new source of information is the WWW. You might take the opportunity in this course of taking a look at the web site of newspapers in other parts of the world and compare how a particular story is cover differently than in the U. S. Media. Also, peruse your local newspaper and note where their information comes from.You may be surprised to see that much of the information is from other newspapers around the country and from UPS and other news wire services. CNN is a major news source for local TV newscasts. Beware of media bias, slanting, playing up and playing down of stories, sensational headlines, and the use of emotive language. Advertising Advertising is useful to sell products, sell political candidates and ideas, make announcements, and so on. It also is a major offender in engaging in unrepresentative persuasion. Ads often exaggerate, misadvise and even lie.Some products are advertised so heavily that they skew choices. The psychological science of ads is that they play on our fears, desires, prejudices and weaknesses. No expense is spared, and weasel words (fights bad breath, helps control dandruff with regular use, gets dishes virtually spotless) are generously used, especially in the fine print. There re two basic kinds of ads those that give reasons, and those that do not. only ads are guilty of suppressed evidence, that is, they never give you sufficient information about a product whether it be a commodity or political candidate (30 second spots, for example).Ads will never tell you what is wrong with the product (for example, the commonly experienced mechanical problems of a particular deterrent example car). Ads give weak promises (your clothes will be brighter if you use a particular soap), use vague comparisons (good, better, best), and make illegitimate appeals to the authority of the rood (most people use the product) or to the authority of a particular individual (Steve Young in the ad for David). Ads that provide reasons, promise ads, submit reasons for buying the product. They tell us more than that the product exists, but not much more.Usually the promises are vague (Gillies gin promising more gin stress). So, even ads that present reasons for buying a product do not in themselves justify our purchase of the item. If I have done all my homework ahead of time and then see a particularly good price on an item in an ad, then I would be Justified in eying the product assuming I have a genuine need of it. Ads invite us to think fallaciously, which we will see more about in the next three lessons. There is no substitute for the application of the skills of logic and critical thinking, espec ially a careful analysis of unrepresentative persuasion. N advertising. Exercise You might take a particular ad that you like and see how it measures up under the scrutiny of logic and critical thinking. Feel free to share your findings on the bulletin board Pseudoscience 2 Introduction Many of the common types of pseudoscience go by the name of fallacy. As a rule, Hess attempts at argumentation do not begin with a psychological response to an issue (whether relevant to the truth of the claim or not). In many cases -false dichotomy, slippery incline they follow the structure of a good argument, but hominian, the pseudoscience resembles a smokescreen.The verbaliser makes a genuine argument, but one that lacks a proper data link with the truth-claim at hand. The categories presented here cover the most frequently occurring kinds of pseudoscience. These occur so frequently, in fact, that the major terms have entered everyday spoken English. The pseudoscience covered in this lesson often assembles good reasoning more than the examples presented in earlier lessons. These cases contain few or no appeals to emotion or other psychological motive. Very often the fallacies listed here garble the structure of a good argument, and may even be altered to become good arguments.Pseudoscience Types Part 2 1. Ad Hominid including Personal Attack, Circumstantial Ad Hominid, Sedimentation indisposing the Well. 2. Genetic Fallacy 3. Burden of Proof including Appeal to Ignorance 4. straw Man 5. False Dilemma including Perfectionist Fallacy and Line-Drawing Fallacy 6. Slippery set up 7. Begging the Question. Each will be defined/described in the following section Pseudoscience 2 Definitions/Descriptions Ad Hominid Basic to the ad hominid (to the person) fallacy is the confusing of the message with the messenger.A claim or an argument is rejected because of some fact about the author or source of the claim or argument. The fallacy can take a number of forms, but they all shar e a confusion (often deliberate) between the truth of a claim under discussion and the person or group who put it forward. Since people may hold true beliefs even when their characters are unreliable, or when they belong to a group hat automatically holds those beliefs, the ad hominid dismissal is pseudoscience. The most obvious form of the ad hominid is the personal attack.As the name indicates, it maligns a person in order to dismiss the persons beliefs there is something about the person who put forward the argument we do not like or of whom we disapprove. The circumstantial ad hominid attempts to push aside a persons claim or argument by referring to the persons circumstances rather than the claim or argument. This after becomes abusive, for example, Of course he thinks the economys fine. Hes a Republican, and they dont care about poor people. But abusive treatment to the group in question is not essential to a circumstantial ad hominid. My pay back says that homeopathic cures dont work, but thats what they get drilled into them in medical school. You may like your doctor despite saying this but though the statement contains no abuse, it becomes an ad hominid by refusing to consider the truth of the doctors opinion. A more complex form of ad hominid is repository. The pattern is l reject your claim because you act as if you think it is false, or You cant make the claim now because you have in the past rejected t. In this case, one dismisses a claim on the grounds of the other persons variation.Inconsistency does bring down a claim or argument , if a person is advocating both a truth-claim and its denial at the same time. For example, when I it wears down my organs, you can dismiss my claims on the basis of their inconsistency. One variety of sedimentation is where the contradiction between two beliefs reaches back to something a person said in the past How can you say caffeine makes people sleepless, when back in high school I remember you claiming it had no effect at all? Another more common variety finds an inconsistency between peoples statements and their behavior. You may say you are against drugs, but I annotate you drinking alcohol everyday. The person may be a hypocrite, but drugs can be dangerous nevertheless. Poisoning the well, another form of ad hominid, attempts to discredit in advance what a person might claim by relating unfavorable information about the person. Poisoning the well has the effect of giving anything else that person says an unreliable sound thus you may think of it as blanket ad hominid in advance. The fact that a person is on death row and committed many murders does not dismiss that persons argument against the death penalty the argument stands on its own merits.Genetic fallacy The belief that a perceived defect or neediness in the origin of a thing discredits the thing itself. Strictly speaking, the ad hominid is a specific form of the genetic fallacy. It rejects a claim solely on the grounds of its source, its origins, or its associations. In conversation, the genetic fallacy may sound as broad as You Just think thats wrong because you were brought up that way. Burden of Proof A form of pseudoscience in which the burden of proving a point is placed on the wrong side, or places the burden of proof more heavily on one side than it should be.One version occurs when a lack of evidence on one side is taken as evidence for the other side, in cases where the burden of proving the point rests on the latter side. Often a discussion of some issue can turn into a discussion of which side faces the greater burden of proof. It helps to have reasonable grounds for assigning the burden of proof properly. All other things being equal, the greater burden of proof sets with someone whose claim has less initial plausibility. Suppose one person claims that the earth is flat, while another denies it.This claim will strike most people as implausible, so the first person faces the greater b urden of proof. All other things being equal, the greater burden of proof rests with someone making an approbative claim, rather than with the one denying that claim. Be careful when someone defends an affirmative claim by throwing the burden onto the other side, calling a claim true simply because it has not been shown to be false. This special variety of ruder-of-proof pseudoscience is called an appeal to ignorance (for example, theology exists because no one has proved the opposite. Straw Man The Straw Man pseudoscience is where someone ignores an opponents actual position and presents in its place a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version of that position. There is a deliberate distorting of an opponents position in order to make it easier to attack. A straw man fallacy typically involves a smokescreen, because recasting another persons opinion in distorted form amounts to changing the subject. At the same time, such faulty thinking can occur without any intent to

Reading methods

position 1001 requires you to take additional classes including English 105 and 106, person eithery I do not like this method acting of classes but I do enjoy my 105 class surface(a) of all of them, because of this I am always given tons of version material In my 1001 class I recently read an word called O. K. sugarcoat by Gary Shteyngart which is an member about the glasses developed by Google that can take pictures, record video, en fitted video chat with other person over Skype, and many other functions.When I was reading this phrase about 2 weeks ago it became extremely confusing to figure out ho was talking either the author or the person he was interviewing. I used this article to write a critical testing essay, examining the aspects of the article and deciding whether I agreed with the author or not. The translation was about how the author was able to get ahold of a correspond Google ice-skating rink and he was invited by Google to attend their Google Basecamp, w hich was to teach him about the functions of Google furnish and all the possibilities using these glasses could produce.Shteyngart went around interviewing people on what they thought of Glass and also conducted his wn tests on it as a part of this article. For this reading I chose KWL+, personally I feel this strategy works the best for me it helps me record what I read and shows me what I already knew. Some of the questions I came up with for this reading were why did Google not make the glasses compatible with apple products, I realize they are competitors but more than 70% of the race that would buy Google Glass has an Apple IPhone.The reason you want the glasses to be compatible is because when they are synced the glasses they result show your shout out privateness through the lasses and you are also able to have a phone call without holding your phone. I also wondered about the quality of the camera on the glasses, considering the glasses are fairly small I wondered if it was as good as an IPhone camera. What I did learn from using KWL+ was that the audio save on the glasses sounds like you are underwater when you talk, definitely something Google needs to work on.Also this accessory pull up stakes only appeal to those willing to feed a hefty price tag of $1 500 for this pair of tech glasses. Even with the price tag in consideration approximately everyone thinks hey are awesome that is so dope says a college studentm (O. K. Glass). I believe Google Glass definitely has a place in todays society of ever progress technology, 10 years ago something like this would be unheard of as well as way over the price tag of $1500.If Google is able to work out the kinks with the compatibility with Apple products I think the glasses will sell even better, and also working out the issues with the voice recognition. Shteyngarts article was relatively unbiased, it really did a great job of focusing on what the people thought of the glasses and what didnt wor k and hat worked straight in advance and no deceptive statistics were in the article. One thing that helps Google Glass is that it is the branch of its kind, nothing like this is available anywhere else.The glasses are schedule to be released in 2014 so we will have to wait and square off if Google is able to work out the kinks with its product. I plan to research the glasses when the first real reviews come out in 2014 because I am excited to see if they are really worth buying. I will definitely use the KWL+ strategy again because it works the best for me and helps me admit information doesnt work well I will use ole faithful, KWL+.

Neolithic Revolution Essay

The neolithic transformation was a great change from search and gathering to civilization beca occasion of disco genuinely of agriculture. The Neolithic Revolution was an important routine point in history because it allowed good deal to create civilization. About 10,000 BCE, domain began to cultivate crops and domesticate certain animals this was a change from the system of run and gathering. It brought changes to pitying society and culture. The people of this era were called nomads. The nomads would settle down in rank areas and river valleys. Some of the premiere signs of technology began to appear around this time as well. During the Paleolithic Period, which lasts from the beginnings of human life until about 10,000 BCE, people were nomads. They lived in groups of 20 -30 and spent most of their time hunting and gathering. The nomads were people who were unendingly moving. Nomads moved according to season and migrating animals. Its true that in human societies the busi ness of hunting and gathering has involved specialization, with workforce doing the hunting and women practically of the gathering.All humans, unlike most animals, carry the food home and dispense it, rather than consume it. Nomadic people didnt have very many possessions for example you could only bring what you could carry. It was a slow world growth in this time, since no one really colonised down. Since people were constantly moving and struggling to survive, advancements in technology were extremely slow. The wandering people really only had tools for digging, spears, knives, and clubs. When people switched from hunters and gathers to farming and agriculture it was a big turning point in history. Stone tools were a cool it to this vast change in lifestyle. Humans moved from bone and hide tools to stone tools. The first farmers relied on slash-and-burn agriculture, that involves the cutting and burning of plants in plant to create palm. Then after a while people started to use normal farming techniques. In order to use these techniques warm climate, water, and fertile soil was necessary.That was the reason people settled down by river valleys. The uncovering of farming led a surplus of food this would be the first time ever seeing one. In a farming lifestyle, men spent most of their time outside the home in the fields or working with animals. The women worked in the home processing food, making clothes, and compassionate for children. Womens status declined as men took the lead in in most areas of these early societies. The crops they raised depended on their location, and developedagriculture individually at different times The technology and social organization of the Neolithic Revolution remained the basis of all civilization. The peoples tools and skills had advanced sufficiently for cultivating people to support townsfolks with over one thousand people. Humans at once had to stay in one place, aside from moving to more fertile land, to ra ise crops and domesticate animals. Small sedentary farming villages created the conditions necessary for organic evolution of cities.Nomadic people settled down in villages and made families which ultimately led to a market rise in population and town life. Scholars created a system of knowledge and writing, division of labor, trading economics and emergence of art started to occur. Farming now allowed members to abandon subsistence activities and become artisans, merchants and priests. Neolithic Revolution people could work in specialized trades such as metalwork or act as religious leaders. Cities arose with trade, markets, government, laws and armies. For the first time, people could extend their working lives focused on something other than survival. The Neolithic revolution was the most important development in human history. The way we live today, settled in homes, close to other people in towns and cities, protected by laws, eating food grown on farms, and with leisure ti me to learn, search and invent is all a result of the Neolithic revolution, which occurred approximately 11,500-5,000 old age ago.