A Biography of Indian Yellow Essay

Indian discolour is a raw pigment which, as the bring out suggests, originated in India in the 17th century and was used until the early ordinal century. Its source remained a mystery for many years. In 1786 the amateur painter, Roger Dewhurst put down in letters to friends, that Indian yellow was an organic substance do from the urine of animals fed on turmeric (Myers, pg 1). Around this time, the English pill roller George Field claimed it was made from camel urine.In 1839, J.F.L. Merimee, denied its association with urine in maliciousness of its odor, citing its origin was a shrub called memecylon tinctorium in his book The trick of motion-picture show in Oil and Fresco, In 1886 the Journal of the Society of arts in London began a systematic inquiry of the pigment, revealing that Indian yellow was manufactured in rural India (in particular in Monghyr, a city in Bengal) from the urine of cattle fed only on mango leaves and water (Finlay, pg 216-217). The collected urine w as heated in company to precipitate the yellow matter, then strained, pressed into lumps by hand and dried, producing unsporting hard yellow balls of raw pigment, called purree (Mukharji, pg 16-17). European importers would then wash and sick the balls, separating greenish and yellow phases.It is the mango not the urine thats life-and-death to the colouring material. The colorant is a magnesium salt of an organic acid released by the mango. chemically it is magnesium euxanthate, the magnesium salt of euxanthic acid.See more My Writing carry through EssayNaturally, the cows that were exploited by this process were extremely undernourished. In part because mango leaves did not supply the cattle with sufficient nutrients on with the fact that these leaves contain the toxin urushiol, also found in poison ivy. In 1908, British law (which applied to colonized India) prohibited the production of Indian yellow, citing the torture of sacred animals. The pigment is believed to have ro ot been used in Europe by Dutch artists in the 17th century (the Dutch having extensive trading links with India by then) and by the end of the eighteenth century across Europe in watercolor and oil painting. For the first years of its introduction in the European market, this pigment was simply named after its country of origin, Pure of India(Finlay, pg 209-211). This was further simplified to jaune indien (French), giallo indiano (Italian), Indischgelb (German) or Indian yellow when translated into other languages (Myers, pg 1).Deep, clear and luminescent, it was favored for its great body and depth of tone. It had a peculiar characteristic in its watercolor form of fading in artificial light and in the dark but being plumb stable in direct sunlight. In its oil form, it requires one deoxycytidine monophosphate percent for grinding, dries slowly, and the addition of varnish improves its drying, in fact its lightfastness is also modify when it is isolated between layers of varni sh.Dutch and Flemish painters of the 17th and 18th centuries favored it for its translucent qualities often using it to represent sunlight. Beautiful as the color is, the pigment was said to be foul-smelling in its raw form. In the novel Girl With the Pearl Earring Vermeers patron remarks that Vermeer used cow piss to paint his wife, the pigment referred to was Indian Yellow. By the early twentieth century the pigment was no longer available, although its modern substitutes are hush up sold under the name Indian yellow.Bibliography1. Baer, N.S., Indian Yellow in cunningists Pigments, a Handbook of Their History and Characteristics, Volume 1, R.L. Feller, Editor, Oxford University Press, New York (1986) 2. Finlay, Victoria, deform A NAtural History of the Palette (2003 edition), Random House 3. Merimee, M.J.F.L., The Art of Painting in Oil and Fresco (2009 edition), Kessinger Publishing4. Mukharji, T.N., Piuri or Indian Yellow, Journal of the Society of Arts (1883-84) 5. Myers, Da vid, Indian Yellow, The Art Blog of David Myers (February 1, 2011) http//toxicgraphix.blogspot.com/2011/02/indian-yellow.html6. Indian Yellow, Pigments Through the Ages, webexhibits.orghttp//www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/indianyellow.html