Francisco Goya as Representative of Modern Art Essay

The culture of the museum, as well as its patrons, determines the vision of modern art. However, it is limited not simply due to the fact that tit negates or contradicts the aberrant and the other, but also because the preferences and interests of the patrons of the modern art have been peculiar or unusual with all the familiar concerns and obsessions of modern artists themselves. This consists of their concern with radical difference, their search for alternative forms of representation and their aspirations to demystify the classicism that inspired and shaped European art† (Doyle and Winkiel, 36). In order to understand the concerns of modern art through the artists, it is best to look at the life of Franciso Goya and the influences which shaped his brilliant art and masterpieces which gives emphasis to his right to be considered as the representative of Modern Art. In March 30, 1746, a young boy, future artist was born in Fuendetodos, which is considered to be a small town which is located close to Saragossa. The parents of this young boy, who was named Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes were Jose Francisco de Paula and Gracia Lucientes. The former was a gilder while the latter was a member of a poor but noble family. Even if Francisco Goya was only fourteen years old, he already took a four-year apprenticeship under the tutelage of Jose Luzan, who was considered to be an undistinguished who honed his painter skills through rigorous studies in Naples. Francisco Goya was part of the competitions which were sponsored by the Real Academia de San Fernando. It took place in Madrid in the year 1770 to 1771, but during that time, he was not that triumphant or victorious. In addition to this, when he participated in a competition which was sponsored by the Academia de Parma, he was only able to receive or obtain an honorable mention. However, this honorable mention cannot be taken for granted because it helped him receive pious commissions. These commissions were mainly from Saragossa, where Francisco Goya decided to settle by June in the year 1771. Franciso Goya’s wife is Madrid Josefa Bayeu, and they got married in July 25 1773. Madrid Josefa Bayeu is the sister of Franciso Bayeu, who is known to be the leading Spanish artist at the court. Josefa Bayeu was a very big help for Franciso Goya’s career. She helped him receive a position at the royal tapestry factory, for which Franciso Goya executed sixty-three cartoons by1792, wherein thirty nine are considered to be created before 1780. Franciso Goya has a competitive advantage against other painters because he is able to effectively use vivid colors and intense luminosity in his cartoons. In July 1778, Franciso Goya was able to publish his first serious groups of prints. Nine etchings in these prints were after the paintings created by Velasquez which can be found in the royal collection. In May 1780, he was unanimously voted or elected to the Academia in Madrid. His â€Å"Christ on the Cross† (Prado, Madrid), a conventional neoclassical painting was a great help for Franciso Goya to receive such position. In March 1785, he was chosen to be the deputy director of the Academia (Brown and Mann, 3) Approaching the end of the year in 1792, Francisco Goya suffered a mysterious illness which disabled him for much of the following year. This mysterious illness also caused him to become permanently deaf and eventually, reevaluate his goals as an artist. Francisco Goya’s powerful social commentary which is the result of his developed fantasy and invention can be observed in â€Å"Caprichos†. â€Å"Caprichos† is a series of eighty etchings which Franciso Goya offered for sale. Francisco Goya’s brilliant use of realistic observation mixed with brutal distortion creates an extraordinary power to the scenes which Goya had drawn from both the daily life and his own imagination. However, the sardonic criticisms that was received by Franciso Goya regarding his works, especially those from the existing social order, made him decide to remove them for sale. Between 1797 and 1798, Franciso Goya was able to receive the commission for the frescoes in the hermitage church which is located in San Antonio de la Florida in Madrid. He was able to receive this because of the help of Jovellanos who was the Minister of Grace and Justice, from November 1797 until the August of 1799. Franciso Goya inverted the customary baroque display or arrangement by illustrating the angels under the dome in which he characterized Saint Anthony conducting a miracle. Unlike the works of the other artists, â€Å"vigorous brushwork and the definitions of the figures primarily in terms of large, flat planes of intense color, unprecedented in church decorative schemes† were observed in Franciso Goya’s works. (Brown and Mann, 4) In 1819, Francisco Goya suffered a relapse of his illness. He again endured this illness which nearly cost him his life. This traumatic experience of Francisco Goya can be observed or is most likely reflected in the fourteen Black Paintings which he created in Prado, Madrid, in the year 1820 or 1823. Using oil as a medium, he painted directly on the walls of two rooms in the country house on the periphery of Madrid, generally known as Quinto del Sordo which is translated as the house of the deaf man. It was named after him, â€Å"the deaf man†, because he had purchased it in February 1819. His rough handling of paint and expressionistic distortions intensify or gave emphasis the violence of his works, particularly in the image of â€Å"Saturn Devouring His Son†. Several attempts have been made just to interpret Franciso Goya’s works, but these highly personal paintings challenged and disregarded any rational explanation (Brown and Mann, 5). Designing tapestries during the time of Francisco Goya was not a highly regarded task. In addition to this, it is not even well paid. However, designing tapestries offered Francisco Goya a chance or the break to start in the big city. The commissions that he received from designing tapestries came directly from the Court. After five years, Franciso Goya presented his designs to the King and the Crown Prince and Princesses in person. In this manner, he had the privilege of kissing their majesties’ hands, which is definitely one good indication or sign for a man who is eager to rise to the top (Hagen, 7). The prince, Charles IV, was particularly fascinated with the hunted, broadly with themes of the hunting. As a result, Francisco Goya mainly designed hunting scenes. When the heir to the throne took Maria Luisa of Parma as his wife, Francisco Goya’s art was changed. Maria Luisa wanted her tapestries to show the popular diversions, or scenes which show ordinary people enjoying pleasurable pursuits, which the temperamental Italian princess was not allowed to indulge at the strict Spanish court. Charles IV’s wife yearned to surround herself with light-hearted scenes which depicts everyday life also influenced the trend which is being acted out in the theaters of Madrid; â€Å"between the acts of classical dramas, the public would be entertained with comic scenes from the daily lives of the lower classes† (Hagen, 7). Not like the religious or pious themes of Franciso Goya’s Saragossa work and the hunting scenes which he created for the Crown Prince, the work of art which he created for the Maria Luisa now provided Francisco Goya the motivation. It also gave Francisco Goya the chance to illustrate how people behaved and how they treated each other, as well as the opportunity to show his representation of these things in his own perspective. Moreover, it can be said that he expounds these themes humorously and light-heartedly, which he would later present in a completely different light. From this early stage or phase stems the self-portrait of Francisco Goya, in which he is looking neither skeptical nor gloomy. It is not actually a self-portrait of Francisco Goya, but the broad, flat face with high cheek-bones, undoubtedly shows that it is him. Unmistakably at a â€Å"novillada†, Francisco Goya can be observed to be standing with a number of other young men situated near a bull. â€Å"Novillada† means a bloodless fight with a young bull. Goya himself testified to have engaged in such risk-laden chase or recreation, though speculations that it is just a rumor he spread himself are present. Considering the fact that bullfighting fascinated him right up to the end of his life, it would look that it is not out of his character. A strong indication or support for this would be the time when he signed one of his letters using the title â€Å"Franciso de los Toros†, which is considered or translated as â€Å"Francisco of the bulls† (Hagen, 10). Francisco Goya, however, was not only familiar with the bulls but also the majos and the majas or the men and women from the lower quarters of Madrid. These majos or majas unlike the other residents of Madrid, have a particular style of dress and conduct. The typical majo is said to be proud, easily offended and quick to pull a knife. In addition to this, he is relished with eye-catching costume and, as far as he could help it, the majos never worked. This unwillingness to perform any type of work at all known to be widespread among Spanish men in the 18th century, dated back to the time when Columbus discovered America. The new colonies sent their gold back to the king. The king in return, gave it to his favorites and his far too many officials and officers. Although this â€Å"Golden Age† was long gone, the pretension to idleness and redundancy had remained, even among those classes who had never directly profited from the king’s gold (Hagen, 10). The female pendant to the majo was the maja. The maja is considered to be a woman with passionate nature who took a delight in being provocative. In his representations or interpretations of majas, Francisco Goya challenges the concerns and issues of class and race. He also emphasizes the power of the gaze itself. Based on the writings of the French Ambassador of Spain in 1788, according to the accounts of J. E. de Bourgoing, the majas are indeed considered as the lower class but, for the bewitched majo, the maja was â€Å"the most seducing priestess that ever presided at the altars of Venus† (Mahon, 42). The limitation of the real majas would be the majism. Majism is the sub-cultural style of life and the way of dress, considered to be a significant aspect during the revolutionary call for democracy in the nineteenth century. Francisco Goya’s â€Å"The Naked Maja† (1798-1805) as well as her counterpart, â€Å"The Clothed Maja† (1800-1803), represents the power of the majism during their times. For the â€Å"Naked Maja† and the â€Å"Clothed Maja†, they boldly or shamelessly face the viewer. The majas posed heir hands in order to maximize the erotic effect which they inflict on their viewers. The maja’s fashionably coquettish shoes, shimmering dress and lace bolero in the â€Å"Clothed Maja† appears all the more tantalizing or enticing as compared to her bare flesh which can be observed in the â€Å"Naked Maja†. She is not, however, idealized or innocent due to her charms. Rather, she is a daringly erotic portrait or representation in an era when nudes are considered to be illegal or banned in Spain because of the influences of the all-powerful Church on erotic fashion or masterpieces. The erotic messages conveyed by fashion involve the interplay of their whole body and the perspective of both sexes. More particularly, it can be said that they are most acutely focused in the proportions of the female torso. It is the most considerable field of fashionable alteration and at the same time the one where the shape of fashion most willingly comes into view to wear the genuine look of nature. The placement, the depth and width of the pelvis, the relative girth and length of the rib cage, size and shape of the breasts, the set of the neck and shoulders, and the exact disposition of its fleshy upholstery, front and back, all these, along with the styles of posture both seated and upright, are continuously shifting visually, according to the way clothes have been variously considered in history to help the female body give the impression of being more beautiful and natural on their terms. Nude art, inescapably dedicated or devoted to Eros, recognizes those terms. Francisco Goya’s â€Å"Naked Maja† and â€Å"Clothed Maja† in Prado, Madrid are generally recognized as erotic. They are considered as such not just because of the shadowy suggestion of pubic hair. One of the most significant characteristics of the naked maja’s body is that it gives the impression of showing the effects of corseting without the corset, which on the other hand, is very positively present in the clothed maja. The high, widely separated breasts and rigid spine of the recumbent naked maja are as erotic as her pubic fuzz or sexy smile. Her breasts certainly disobey the law of gravity and her legs, comfortable or accustomed to emerging through the light-weight and to a certain extent, narrow skirts of the day, are self-consciously disposed for effect, comparable to that of a twentieth-century woman. It is the definite effect of her missing fashionable dress or costume that makes her a purposely or deliberately a sexual image (Hollander, 91). In this way, Francisco Goya’s majas can be observed within the context of his 1796-1797 â€Å"Caprichos†. The term â€Å"capricho† was coined after the Italian word â€Å"capriccio†, which means â€Å"a caprice or jeu d’esprit† outside the usual rules. In the year 1790s, capricho was referred particularly to the arts and to the power of imaginative and creative initiative and resourcefulness rather than observance of the traditions, norms or custom. Locally, the term was also utilized to illustrate or exemplify the moral points created in Spanish comedies. Francisco Goya, being a a keen theatre-goer, it is this understanding of the term that critics often use when reading his art. The paintings of the majas are part of this â€Å"capricho spirit† too, as they refer to the personal and the political. Goya create distortions in his patron, the Duchess of Alba and her courtly lifestyle wherein the Duchess was rumored or thought to be the model of the Naked Maja, due to the speculation that both have rich black hair. On the other hand, Francisco Goya’s â€Å"Caprichos† illustrate his faith in the power of fantasy not merely to lead art into a brave new world but to help depict and represent the hidden desires and fears of a politically corrupt society, and so to enlighten it too (Mahon, 43). Francisco Goya has been renowned as one of the greatest artists of all times and as an essential and a pivotal figure in the expansion and maturity of modern art. Francisco Goya’s utilization and management of the textual qualities of paint and the expressive and emotional intensity of much of his imagery to a great extent influenced later painters. Impressionists, romantics, symbolists, realists, and surrealists have all considered him as their spiritual ancestor. Francisco Goya’s oeuvre, which has been considered or contemplated to be consisted of 688 (Gassier and Wilson) to772 (Gudiol) paintings, is as diverse as it is large (Brown and Mann, 5). Francisco Goya also represents additional feminine sensitiveness and it is imbued or drenched with temperament. This is the quality of Francisco Goya’s impressionism which makes it modern (Caffin, 203). Francisco Goya as an artist is perceived and understood as being critical or even disapproving of conventional portraiture, which is considered as socially elevating, consistentand in large measure, banal. This analysis of the recipes of portraiture is frequently construed as an analysis of class-based society itself. Tradition in portraiture is not at all monolithic, if one considers the work of Francisco Goya where the communicative and expressive range inside the genre is adequately or sufficiently grand to act as precedent or example for almost any modern portrait (Brettell, 169). Works Cited Brettell, Richard R. Modern Art, 1851-1929: Capitalism and Representation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Brown, Jonathan, and Richard Mann. Spanish Paintings of the Fifteenth through Nineteenth Centuries. USA: National Gallery of Art, 1990. Caffin, Charles Henry. The Story of Spanish Painting. Michigan: University of Michigan, 1910. Doyle, Laura, and Laura A. Winkiel. Geomodernisms: Race, Modernism, Modernity. USA: Indiana University Press, 2005.

Skiing Essay

A Day On The Slopes It’s not just for the wealthy anymore! Skiing has been getting more popular recently. People have the free time and money to go skiing more than ever. This is a downfall for somebody who has never skied and wants to be a part of the fun. There is a series of simple steps to complete before one can achieve their best at skiing. From proper attire, to the way you carve down the mountain, it boils down to a few critical steps. If these steps are completed there is nothing holding anybody back from being a successful skier.Lets start off with the basics; I always start by packing pajamas so I have a warm base layer. Then a long T-shirt, followed by a warm pair of socks to keep those toes warm. Socks might be the most crucial part since they will be buckled into ski boots the entire day. Next comes a jacket, ski pants, goggles and a preferably a helmet. If it is windy out, or if you are sensitive to cold air then think about wearing a ski mask to keep the facial area warm. This should cover the basic attire for a day on the slopes. Once you have all your gear set, its time to pick a trail.Now, there are four main types of trails; green circle, blue square, black diamond and then double black diamond. The green circle is the easiest trail and is recommended for beginners, but if a skier is feeling confident they should take their skills onto the blue squares on the mountain. These blue square trails will challenge a first time skier and push them to their full potential. There are a few types of specialty trails that beginners might want to watch out for. Trails called â€Å"glades† are narrow paths in the woods.These trails are made for experienced skiers, and this is where you can find some of the best conditions on a mountain. The next kind of trail to watch for is a terrain park. These trails are made famous for their massive ski jumps and handrails for skiers to â€Å"grind† on. For skiers wanting that extra excitement ou t of their trip might want to consider the terrain park. Now that the trail has been chosen, the subsequent step is to get down the mountain. When descending, keep two things in mind at all times, pizza and French fries.One might find this out of context but it has substantial effect on your speed and safety going down the mountain. Pizza refers to the shape that skis make when in the â€Å"slowing down position. † The tips of the skis will configure to make a triangle, a pizza slice like shape. This position is the safest way for a new skier to slow down. French fry denotes when skis are parallel. This style can be used when on a straightaway or when in full control. Be carful when utilizing the â€Å"French fry,† because speed can get the best of a skier in this position.Skiing is a peaceful activity, and when done correctly can be the best time of somebody’s life. One must consider a basic checklist of supplies to bring on a ski trip so they can make the most out of their experience. Knowing the trails is also crucial; nothing is better than being prepared. It takes some time to get passed the French fry and pizza phase of skiing, but beginners will catch on quickly if practiced with discipline. If all of these steps are correctly completed a new skier will be having a very memorable understanding of the ski slopes.

Ethics Of Trial Design Health And Social Care Essay

Compare and contrast the rightful outlooks that patients and research topics may hold of the medical professionals they encounter in the clinical and test scenes. What aspects of test design prevent chase of the research topic ‘s best medical involvement? Be every bit specific as possible. Rights of patients in clinical scenes and the right of research topics in the test scenes Introduction Narratives of patients who have been denied attention or coverage with black and sometimes fatal effects[ I ], together with a series of incidences in the past such as the Washington Post narrative in late 2000[ two ]( of a 1996 medical experiment conducted by Pfizer research workers in Kano[ three ], Nigeria, depicting the slow decease of a 10-year-old miss known merely as Capable 6587-0069 while Pfizer research workers, watched her deceasing without modifying her intervention, following the protocol designed to prove their antibiotic Trovan in kids ) and the â€Å" Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male †[ four ]has led to 1 ) relevant governments taking legislative and oversight involvement in the intervention of patients and the behavior of clinical tests, 2 ) a subdivision of the public naming for confidence that all those involved with patient hospitalization or intervention and clinical tests will put the protection of the rights and public assistance of patients and human topics above all other involvements and 3 ) patients and research topics anticipating and demanding certain rights. There are similarities and unsimilarities in outlooks that patients and research topics may hold of the medical professionals they encounter in the clinical and test scenes. Similarities Areas were similarities exist include ; 1. Rights to information Patients in clinical scenes expect to hold a right to information about their intervention program such as type of intervention and options available and the hazards associated with them, so that they can do informed determinations. Similarly, topics in test scenes expect to be good informed about all facet of a test they are about to inscribe in such as the rights, benefits and hazards. This is usually done via an â€Å" Informed consent †[ V ]mechanism. 2. Rights to decline intervention or medicine As a corollary of the above, patients and capable alike besides have rights to do of import determinations such as refusing, authorising or holding to undergo specific medical intervention or take any medicine or take part in a test. This is possible through the procedure of communicating between a patient and medical practicians ( a.k.a. informed consent[ six ]) , which is non unlike in the instance of topics in test scenes. In both instances the medical practician must obtain informed consent from the person concerned without coercion and incentives, utilizing a linguistic communication that they understand. The cardinal message is that consent is voluntary with freedom non to take part or retreat any clip. 3. Rights to Confidentiality Another country of similarity is the issue of confidentiality. Patients in clinical scenes have the right to speak in private with medical practicians and to hold their wellness attention information protected at all times. Similarly topics in test scenes expect medical practicians to do equal commissariats to protect their privateness and keep the confidentiality of their records. Dissimilarities[ seven ] Areas of contrast in outlooks between patients in clinical scenes and topics in test scenes include ; While patients expect that the result of their relationship with medical practicians will ensue in the proviso of medical attention, clinical tests in topics aim at advancing improved medical attention from cognition gleaned from controlled experimentation. Subjects enter into tests without the chances of holding any medical benefit. These tests are conducted on the footing that the cognition to be gained will be valuable and hence warrant the hazards. On the other manus, patients accept the hazards of medical intercession on the footing of possible medical benefits to their individuals. The medical practician has a fiducial duty to patients in a clinical scene to work in their best medical involvement. On the contrary, because the chief purpose of clinical tests is research, the medical practician in test scene has no fiducial relationship with the topics enrolled in the test. Decision In contrast to Thomas Chalmers place that the pattern of medical specialty is more or less the same thing as carry oning clinical research, because harmonizing to him every practicing physician conducts clinical tests every twenty-four hours as he sees his patients and that â€Å" clinical test † research is nil more than a formalisation of this procedure[ eight ], the similarities and unsimilarities enumerated above prompts one to differ with his positions because the unsimilarities are so important that disregarding them will ensue in non seting in topographic point the right steps to guarantee the best involvement of patients or topics are served in either the pattern of medical specialty or in clinical research. Aspects of test design that prevent chase of the research topic ‘s best medical involvement In order to reply this inquiry we have to define between healthy and non-healthy voluntaries. The facets of test design that prevent the chase of the non-healthy topic ‘s best medical involvement during research, is the usage of placebo controls, randomisation, blinding, protocols curtailing intervention flexibleness, and research processs to mensurate survey results during tests.[ nine ]This concerns whether a control group in a test must have the same intercession as the trial arm. For illustration, tests that compared a short class of Retrovir with placebo for the bar of antenatal transmittal of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection generated considerable contention as some participants were intentionally put at hazard.[ x ]These issues are non of concern in surveies utilizing healthy voluntaries. Another aspect common to both healthy and non-healthy topics is in instances were there might be â€Å" Financial Conflicts of Interest In Clinical Research † . Significant fiscal involvements in human topics research can show serious issues and expose topics to hazards[ xi ]. The Task Force on Financial Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Research, under the protections of the Association of American Medical Colleges, in their 2001[ xii ]study pointed out that â€Å" chances to gain from research may impact – or look to impact – a research worker ‘s judgements about which topics to inscribe, the clinical attention provided to topics, even the proper usage of topics ‘ confidential wellness information † . â€Å" Fiscal involvements besides threaten scientific unity when they foster existent or evident prejudices in survey design, informations aggregation and analysis, inauspicious event coverage, or the presentation and publication of research f indings † they added.

A persuasive postion paper on Fast food, burger king VS McDonalds Essay

A persuasive postion paper on Fast food, burger king VS McDonalds - Essay Example Others would counter that the discerning diner will detect real differences between fast food franchises when flavor, promotions and dining experience are considered. As one of these discerning consumers, I feel considerable differences can be found when comparing two fast food franchises such as Burger King and McDonalds. McDonalds is truly a ground –breaking enterprise. Global in scope and backed by decades of success, this fast food giant has set the standard for all others for many years. This fact is apparent in McDonald’s popularity and profits (Associated Press). But like an old shoe that’s been worn too much, McDonald’s has a sole that is wearing thin. The greatest problem is flavor of the food. True, it has been consistent for many decades, but that’s the problem. While other eateries have been innovative in positive ways, McDonalds seems to be stuck in a flavor rut. They are constantly introducing new items, like burritos and iced coffee, but they just seem to taste like everything else they already sell. Perhaps this can be attributed to the predictability of the promotions McDonalds tend to run. Cheap plastic gizmos of the latest blockbuster movie for the kids and sweepstakes games like monopoly are old and tired. They just add to a dated feeling present on the menu and in the store. McDonalds seems to have kept none of the nostalgia that has made it a traditional favorite while at the same time not really moving forward with anything truly innovative for years. Burger King, on the other hand, has made great strides in producing outstanding flavor results on its menu. The best innovation isn’t really an innovation at all. They simply offer fresh tomatoes, lettuce and onions on all of their burgers as a standard feature. They haven’t started making new products. Instead, they focus on doing a better job on giving their existing products the best flavor possible. Burger King also offers fewer promotional items and the

Dual Coding Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dual Coding Theory - Research Paper Example Dual Coding Theory Dual coding theory emphasizes that people should not ignore the aspect of non-verbal processing of information, and concentrate on verbal processing. Today, many people rely on resources from the web for their learning requirements, and it is imperative to distinguish web sites that can benefit students and those that cannot benefit students (Jairath & Mills, 2005). The assumption of the dual coding theory is that there exist two cognitive systems in the human mind. One system specializes in the processing and representation of nonverbal objects while the other system focuses on language (Jairath & Mills, 2005). This theory has been applied in many fields of learning, which include language, problem solving and concept learning. According to Clark & Paivio (1991), dual coding theory focuses on mental processes and mental and mental structures. The mental structures are networks that are associative of imaginable and verbal representations. On the other hand, mental processes focus on the activation and development of the mental structures, including the effect of the physical and the social context in learning. Dual coding theory asserts that mental representations relate to distinct nonverbal and verbal properties, and symbolic modes of events of concrete sensorimotor, which form the basis of this theory. Any learning program should consider the verbal system, which contains auditory, visual and verbal codes that are articulate. The development of a web-based program of learning should create a comprehensive approach that captures all the essential aspects of dual coding theory.... the designers of learning programs to develop the nonverbal representation like environmental sounds, actions, visceral or skeletal expressions that symbolize emotions and images that symbolize shape. Designers of learning programs recognize that the principal purpose of learning and education is to acquire knowledge (Clark & Paivio, 1991). Knowledge is transferred to many people through tutorial lessons or private study. Private study has played a significant role in promoting the utilization of web-based research. This has called for improvement of web sources of information so that they can meet the knowledge demands of learners. Dual coding theory proceeds to provide guidelines, which facilitate program designers to ensure that the psychological mechanisms of learning from texts and web pages are designed appropriately (Khan, 2001). Learning program designers follow the avenue that education relevant knowledge is verbally represented in notes and textbooks. Further, nonverbal ima ging of information triggers a student’s ease of comprehension of text meaning. The dual coding theory in practice emphasizes that human beings have several systems that process information. Therefore, several channels of communication should be used to convey information in teaching, and in designing learning programs (Jairath & Mills, 2005). The theory informs the designers that the learning of students is influenced in a positive way by presenting illustrations and texts together. Furthermore, animations by computers provide an influential means for presenting learners with visually based information. Learning program designers imitate the idea of dual coding theory since it fosters imagery with mental images that help learners to develop sharp remembering skills. Further, program

Literature review of proportional hazards model Research Paper

Literature review of proportional hazards model - Research Paper Example The prime factor that makes the modeling of preventive maintenance complicated is the quantification of the preventive maintenance’s effect at different intervals. This research is meant to model the preventive maintenance using the proportional hazard model. Objectives of the research The objectives of this research are: To develop a realistic model of preventive maintenance scheduling To introduce a heuristic approach to implement the proportional hazard model for preventive maintenance scheduling To use the full condition history of the equipment for scheduling the successive interval of preventive maintenance Methodology Appropriate explanatory variables will be used to fit two proportional hazard models, one for the equipment’s life after the corrective work, and the other for the equipment’s life after the preventive maintenance. The next interval of preventive maintenance will be scheduled using the two models within a simulation framework. Two distinct cr iteria will be used to estimate the schedules of optimal preventive maintenance, one of which will be a fixed horizon while the other will be the maximization of availability in one interval of preventive maintenance. ... Work Plan Time Activity End of August 2012 Approval of research proposal 1 September 2012 to 1 November 2012 Literature review 1 November 2012 to 1 January 2013 Data collection 1 January 2013 to 30 January 2013 Data analysis 1 February 2012 to 15 February 2013 Documentation of results 16 February 2013 to 30 March 2013 Thesis writing and editing 15 April 2013 Thesis submission and defense Literature review of proportional hazard model: The Proportional Hazard Model The proportional hazard model is one of the most widely employed statistical models in the field of engineering and biometrics where it is used for the analysis of survival data. Measurement error is common to happen in the biometric studies. It is hard to measure the variables of interest without making substantial errors. This imparts the need to make use of surrogates. Plugging in the surrogate yields a naive estimate that can be suspected for bias. Cox was the first to propose the proportional hazard model in the year 1 972. The proportional hazard model offers an analysis of the multivariate regression. Impacts of various covariates that affect a system’s TTF are estimated by this model. The proportional hazard model is used in different kinds of applications in the analysis of lifetime data. It is a very flexible and general model. These properties of the Proportional Hazard Model played a big role in its wide and quick adoption in different fields between the 1970s and the 1990s. These fields included but were not limited to economics, health service and biomedical research (Miller 1). â€Å"The proportional hazards model is often used in survival analysis (medical testing) studies. It is not used much with engineering data† (â€Å"Proportional hazards model†). The proportional

Relationship between the oil in middle east and war in Afghanistan and Research Paper

Relationship between the oil in middle east and war in Afghanistan and Irag - Research Paper Example This has made studying personality important to ensure a productive workforce. Motivation theory is the other that has gained huge popularity due to its nature of addressing motivation needs in an organization so as to ensure success. A motivated workforce results in high productivity and creativity. This paper will elaborate these issues while offering an example of Google Inc. to explain the importance of employee motivation. According to Cole (2003) management is an area that has been studied for quite some time now with many theories coming up over the years. On the other hand management has been practiced with experimentation of the various theories developed. Management on a rather general term concentrates on organizing people’s efforts and available resources in order to achieve organizational goals while benefiting other stakeholders in the process. Achievement of goals and objectives of an organization requires the management to perform certain functions; organizing, planning, controlling and directing according to Cole (2003). In doing so the management must ensure that employees are duly motivated in order to harness their individual efforts towards fulfilling desired results. These factors form the practical aspect of management. Management theory on the other hand is a body of knowledge that aims at addressing problems in management. Planning is quite broad as it is involves formulation of both short terms and long term goals and objectives and formulating how they are to be achieved. Organizing involves developing an organizational structure where people will have tasks to perform and under a well laid out hierarchy of control. This structure is supposed to coordinate all the tasks and responsibilities. This will in turn require a team of highly motivated employees to achieve set goals. Directing involves influencing employees’ behavior by motivating them through appropriate

Mock trial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mock trial - Essay Example Bianca and the defense team can consider a peremptory challenge (Tarr 130). The removal of the jury would weed out the biased jurors who would determine the case in favor of the plaintiff. The case of Davis v. HappyLand company evokes emotional that may attach some of the juror members to the loss of Andrea’s loss. The jurors would then determine the case with bias based on the common bond they have established with Andrea. The defendants should use the persuasion capability of the three attorneys to convince the court to consider the challenge. However, the attorneys are not required by the law to give any particular reason for the challenge. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen? We are here today to find out if that the death of Joey that occurred on August 2011 was caused by the negligence of her supervisors or HappyLand Company. The role of Joey’s caregiver will be put into perspective. We will provide evidence will proof why the plaintiff should not get damages. The findings of the pharmacology will also disapprove that the alleged cause of death though GHB product does not cause death unless ingested in large quantities. Therefore, the quantity of GHB contain in one Princess Bead cannot produce GHB that can be metabolized to a dangerous level. The company has met its burden of responsibility by providing sufficient warnings regarding the danger of ingesting beads. Joey does not fall into the age bracket that is targeted for the market of HappyLand Company. The defense team will provide witnesses and further evidence of proof beyond any reasonable doubt why the court should not pursue plaintiff consideration for damages. At the conclusion of this negligence trial, it is my sincere hope that in the interests of the justice you will find that the defendant is not responsible for the cause the loss of Joey. Thank you very much. We are here to determine a case where the plaintiff Andrea

Los Angeles's Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Los Angeles's Globalization - Essay Example Such an activity draws together people from different regions and countries, bringing them into one common place; where the diversity of each participant and audience is experienced. The coming together of communities into a common operation of events that are of global characteristic is the essence of globalization. Contemporary and conventional infrastructure is a component of globalization. Similar architectural designs can be found in more than city, state or country (Johnson, 299). What this means is that a number of countries in that context have shared information, knowledge and skills to the way of getting things done. For instance, China-Los Angeles characteristic relationship between modern structures can represent an aspect of globalization. There are those unique designs and complex architectural developments that can be found in both China and Los Angeles. This aspect depicts an aspect of collaboration in creativity and share of technology in the infrastructure sector. T he only relationship that can lead to such observations is a high level of globalization in the context of the two analyzed scenarios. Concepts of globalization are not limited to any specific notion, motive or mode. Mass movements of people from one city to another, one state to another and from one country to another has been characteristic of the globalization process. Different communities are no longer limited to their native lands; they are getting access to the entire world as globalization heightens. It is in this regard that Jewish communities can be found all around the world, and most importantly in Los Angeles. In order to pump more sense into this, a festival like the Song Kran held in Los Angeles is a clear indication of just how much communities and more specifically individuals have evolved and revolutionized to fit into the dynamism of the world society (Moore 177). Assimilation of foreign traditions, customs and cultures are part of the ever changing world of today . Famous traditions and means of recognizing cultures throughout the world have taken another dimension altogether. Cultural practices that were once only specific to some groups in a given state are now found miles away, assimilated by another society. This just shows how the global trend is moving towards uniting the entire world population. Such is the case in Saigon town of Los Angeles. Chinese traditional designs of major entry points characterize this part of Los Angeles. This aspect presents a noticeable element of a globalized Los Angeles, in comparison to the rest of the world. Religious practices have not been left behind in the quest for globalization. These practices are establishing all over the world as people continue to interact and merge with others from different locations of the world. Los Angeles serves as a common basis for this interest through the availability of mosques. Los Angeles is not an Islam dominated city, but has taken into consideration the interest s of other communities in its development processes. Presence of mosques merges Islamic contexts into the city, allowing for unionism of diverse inhabitants of the city, both local and international (Samudio 108). Another similar aspect of this is the city-within-a-city notion of Los Angeles. Pure Korean activities are undertake right in the heart of Los Angeles, despite the physical, geographical and social differences evident

Colonialism in 1880-1900 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Colonialism in 1880-1900 - Essay Example According to the study the end of the slave trade was an additional main controlling feature towards colonialism. Even though the trade of humans was â€Å"legislated against, many of the Africans and Arabs continued the practice, particularly inland, where the European influence was less concentrated''. Those Europeans dedicated to eliminating this practice were compelled to stay at these internal places with the intention of taking direct as well as instant action. Obviously, slavery was a profitable trade and its elimination meant that substitute trade and business required to be started all over Africa. Therefore, colonialists as well came into the continent to discover different trading means, types of transportation and additional resources. They were required to teach the neighboring societies regarding commercial growth with the intention of maximizing the productivity of the countries. During the colonial phase, the perception of particular indigenous people in the African continent attained broader recognition, even though not without debate. From this paper it is clear that the extremely diverse and abundant ethnic groups, which consisted of most contemporary, self-governing African states, had within them different individuals whose condition, civilizations and pastoralist or huntsman life wee usually marginalized and set separately from the leading political as well as financial structures of the country. From the last part of 20th century, these people have increasingly wanted identification of their constitutional rights as separate indigenous people, within both nationwide and worldwide perspectives. Given the widespread and complex account of human immigration inside Africa, being the earliest people within a territory is not a required condition for recognition as an indigenous people. To a certain extent, indigenous uniqueness communicates more to a set of attributes and practices than ‘priority of arrival’. For instance, quite a lot of populations of nomadic people occupy regions within which they a rrived somewhat lately. Their declaration to indigenous standing is founded on their marginalization as nomadic people in regions and countries ruled by inactive farming people. Early African reaction to European invasion into Africa during the last part of 19th century was not standardized. A small number of groups that had experienced long-term combat or slave raiding provided a doubtful welcome to European existence within their constituencies in anticipation that there would be harmony. Other groups vigorously opposed the arrival of European political power. On the other hand, a number of people had no initial response towards colonialism. This was due to the fact that the early years’ colonialism had slight impact on the lives of several rural African people. These circumstances transformed as the impact of colonialism became more extensive as well as deep during the mid of the 20th century. By the last part of World War I, the majority of Africa had been successfully co lonized. European colonialists had managed to control the attempts by Africans to defend against the organization of colonial regulation. The subsequent two decades were known as the inter war years by historians and was somewhat calm within colonial Africa.

The topic can be revised by the writer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The topic can be revised by the writer - Essay Example Using the four-quadrant model, I was able to categorize my major activities as: urgent and important (quadrant one), not urgent and important (quadrant two), urgent and not important (quadrant three), and not urgent and not important (quadrant four). I tracked down eight activities through the week that consumed at least one and a half hours every session. Using the four quadrant model, the activities can be classified as; The classification was enabled by calculating the amount of time that each grid consumed. Quadrants 1,2,3,4 consumed two hours, three hours, one and a half hours, and two hours respectively. The grid revealed to me that I spent more time on online chatting than I thought. I was surprised by the amount of time I devoted to activities that were of self-interest. The music practice was urgent and important for a forthcoming schools’ music festival. I noticed that I attached little value to the practice as compared to the other members, regardless of its short timeframe. An activity is important if it comprises of long-term strategies and personal development. Important activities are those that contribute to health and wellness. Music practice, studying, and exercising were the most important activities for the past week. I am passionate about those activities since they stimulate personal development. Music, studying, and exercising form my hobbies list in my rà ©sumà ©. They are activities that propel my long-term goals of personal development; and success. There are two factors that dictate whether an activity is urgent. Firstly, the activity has to have a deadline. Secondly, there must be an authority that requires the activity completed within its timeframe. Music practice and reading and writing journals were activities supervised and coordinated by the director of music and health chairman respectively. The activities were time pressured and required adequate concentration to get the work

Slow Movement from Haydns Emperor Quartet Essay Example for Free

Slow Movement from Haydns Emperor Quartet Essay The slow movement from Haydns Emperor Quartet is said to be one of Haydns greatest works. He uses a simple yet classic melody throughout his piece that is the underlying feature of this movement. The melody is in the form AABCC but the movement itself is in the style of theme and variations. The music in the movement is played sweetly (dolce) and is in cut time. The Introduction to Haydns Emperor Quartet is in GM and has the violin 1 playing the melody. The cello and the Viola have similar rhythmic parts that are playing important harmonies to the violin 1 part. The second violin is harmonizing the melody. Variation 1 is a duet between the two violins where the cello and the viola do not play. Violin 2 has the melody throughout the variation. Violin 1 is playing sets of semiquavers which give the different harmonies in this variation. Most of the notes in the violin 1 part are in intervals of 3rds and 5ths or are in scale order. This variation is always soft (sempre piano). In the next variation the bass instrument of the quartet has the melody (the cello). The violin 1 plays on the off beats for most of the variation with groups of semiquavers filled in as a small counter melody. Violin 2 is harmonizing between the melody and the violin 1 part. The viola is playing long notes every so often emphasizing the melody. Variation 2 is quite heavy and dense in harmonies and instruments in contrast to the first variation which was quite light. In variation 3 the viola has the melody. Throughout this variation there are mostly three instruments playing at one time. The instrument that do not have the melody come in and out though the piece. Violin 1 comes in with the viola at the beginning and has a similar line to its part in variation 2. Violin 2 comes in at bar 3 with syncopated notes and then goes into a small melody of its own. The cello do not come in till about halfway through the  variation where it plays a simple harmonic rhythm. Variation 4 is similar to the introduction in that the violin 1 has the melody again but Haydn has made it different by changing the other parts. Also in bar 5 the melody moves an octave higher to what it was in the introduction. The other three parts have similar rhythmic lines. The start of the variation has mostly crotchets and minims but in bar 10 Haydn has made use of quavers till the end of the piece. The cello changes clef in bars 7 to 14 to an alto clef then back to a bass clef. The three parts having the similar rhythmic lines helps creates a thick texture of harmonies. The ending bars draw a closure to the movement with the long cadence ending softly.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Wireless Internet

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Wireless Internet Wireless Internet is also called Wireless Web, Mobile Internet, and Internet Wireless. Wireless Internet means access the internet through a wireless devices, For Example laptop, cellular telephone , PDA, etc , Using Wireless internet any person can do their day today activities like e-mail, e-banking, communication, conferencing, etc.., In addition to that can be accessed weather and travel information, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ any where any time. Advantages of wireless Internet Fast installation Efficient use of resources Less susceptible to disruption Capacity can be added, removed or reallocated more easily To enable users to bring their own laptop, therefore reducing the cost of owning many PCs. To enable you to easily move PCs. Disadvantages of wireless Internet Cost Technology is newer and more expensive for some applications Speed Radio Frequency (RF) characteristics make high data transfer rates more difficult with wireless than with wired Security Wireless signals are relatively easy to intercept Frequency spectrum saturation Scope Of The Survey What are the current wireless internet technologies Give detailed view about each technology Compare each technology by giving advantages disadvantages of them What are the new trends of wireless internet and the improvements of them with compare to current technologies Current Wireless Internet Technologies LEO IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.16 LMDS 1G-Analoge Cellular MEO (WIFI) (WIMAX) MMDS 2G-Digital Cellular GSO 2.5/2.75G- (GPRS/EDGE) 3G/3.5G Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e/m) Detailed view about each technology Mobile Wireless Internet Technologies First Generation mobile wireless technology (1G) First Generation mobile wireless technology (1G) are analog , voice-only cellular, telecommunications standards, that were Introduced in the 1980s. One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the United States, TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United Kingdom, JTAGS in Japan, C-Netz in West Germany, Radiocom 2000 in France, and RTMI in Italy. Second generation wireless technology(2G) Second generation mobile wireless technology is based on GSM was launched in Finland in the year 1991, 1G technology use analogue radio signals but 2G technology use digital signals to transfer data,but both technologies connect to the tower using digital signals ,In 2G voice call is encoded to digital signals but 1G signals are modulated to higher frequencies like 150 MHz and up. There are three common technologies used by 2G cell-phone networks for transmitting information Time division multiple access (TDMA) -GSM,PDC(japan),iDEN(US,Canada),IS-136(US) Code division multiple access (CDMA) -IS-95(US,Asia) 2.5G(GPRS) The term 2.5G usually describes a 2G cellular system combined with General Packet Radio Services (GPRS). that means it implements a packet-switched network domain in addition to a circuit-switched domain. It can be provide data rates 56 kbit/s-115 kbit/s and also Services like Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. 2.75G(EDGE) EDGE Defined as GPRS with 8PSK encoding, EDGE was introduced in 2003, EDGE achieves higher data-rates (up to 236.8 kbit/s) Third generation wireless Internet(3G) Third generation mobile wireless technology is based on International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), 3G is collection of standards mobile telecommunications which includes UMTS, and CDMA2000 with non-mobile wireless standards DECT WiMAX, Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates (at least 200 kbit/s). today 3G systems can provide up to 14.0 Mbit/s download speed and 5.8 Mbit/s upload speed. Mobile WiMax(IEEE 802.16e) Mobile WiMAX or 802.16e standard was introduced by the IEEE in late 2005 as real competitor to 3G technologies, However South Korea elected to take a mobile WiMAX compatible standard called wireless broadband (WiBro) to market. WiBro/Mobile WiMAX uses an OFDMAà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ technology called 1K-FFT. Service for the WiBro/Mobile WiMAX standard is in the 2.3 GHz spectrum range at least in Korea. The technology can be easily adapted to other licensed spectrum. Wireless Wide Area Networking Technologies WIMAX(Interoperability for Microwave Access) Wimax is a telecommunications technology that offers transmission of wireless data via a number of transmission methods; such as portable or fully mobile internet access via point to multipoints links. The current WiMAX revision provides up to 40 Mbit/s which is based on Standard IEEE 802.16, it also called Broadband Wireless Access and it was formed in Mid June 2001 Wireless Local Area Networking Technologies WiFi WiFi uses radio waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet and network connections. WiFi is owned by the organization Wi-Fi Alliance, and it is based on IEEE 802.11 standards. 802.11a transmits at 5 GHz and can be provide data rate up to 54 Mb/s and it uses technology orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). 802.11b is the slowest and least expensive standard which transmits at 2.4 GHz can be provide data rate up to 11 Mb/s and it uses complementary code keying (CCK) modulation to improve speeds. 802.11g transmits at 2.4 GHz and it can provide data rates up to 54 Mb/s. 802.11g is faster because it uses the same OFDM coding as 802.11a. 802.11n is the newest standard that is widely available and it can achieve data rates up to 140 Mb/s. Fixed Wireless Internet Technologies LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution System) LMDS is a technology for broadband microwave wireless transmission direct from a local antenna to homes and businesses within distance 1.5 miles (2.4 km) . LMDS offers a download speed up to 1.5 Gb/s and 200 Mb/s upload speed. LMDS commonly operates on frequencies across the 26 GHz and 29 GHz bands. In Europe, (ETSI) is equivalent technology. In Canada, it is called Local Multipoint Communication Service (LMCS) and it is based on IEEE 802.16.1 standards. MMDS(Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service) MMDS provides digital video- and Internet- (including VoIP) access using various over-the-air microwave frequencies. Services are provided within distance 20 miles or 32 km from the transmit site. MMDS commonly operates on frequencies across the 2 GHz and 3 GHz. The MMDS band was separated into eleven channels and Each channel was capable of 10 Mbit/s Satellite wireless internet technologies Communication via satellite can be done using one or two way dish. Satellite dish was placed minimizing the interference with other satellites . the dial-up connection can be used for uploading purposes and the satellite internet connection can be used for downloading data. Mostly, the two-way communication dish is preferred by residential users and small businesses. The two-way internet service is characterized by Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and single channel per carrier (SCPC). There are three satellite constellations, GEO (geostationary earth orbit), LEO (low earth orbit) and MEO (middle earth orbit). low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite is placed in between 160 2,000 km above the Earths surface. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), satellite place in between 2,000-35,786 km above the Earth surface High Earth Orbit(HEO) , satellites place in between 35,786 km above earth surface Comparison of wireless internet technologies Compare some wireless internet technologies Standard Base Technology Usage Radio Technology Download speed(Mb/s) Upload speed(Mb/s) Additional details EDGE Evolution GSM Mobile Internet TDMA/FDD 1.9 0.9 3GPP Release 7 UMTS ,W-CDMA HSDPA,HSUPA HSPA+ }UMTS/3GSM }General 3G CDMA/FDD CDMA/FDD/MIMO 0.384 14.4 56 0.384 5.76 22 HSDPA widely using today, Typical download rates 2Mbit/s, upload ~200 kbit/ HSPA+ download up to 56 Mbit/s. UMTS-TDD UMTS/3GSM Mobile Internet CDMA/TDD 16 16 Use 16QAM modulation like HSDPA+HSUPA 1xRTT CDMA2000 Mobile phone CDMA 0.144 0.144 EV-DO Succeeded Wi-Fi 802.11 (11n) Mobile Internet OFDM/MIMO 288.9 can gain 600 using 40Mhz channel width throughput and/or spectra efficiency (310km 382km Mobile WiMAX 802.16e Mobile Internet MIMO-SOFDMA 144 144 WiMAX update to IEEE 802.16m expect download speed up to 1 Gb/s fixed speeds LTE UMTS/4GSM General 4G OFDMA/MIMO/SC-FDMA 360 80 LTE update to LTE-Advanced expect rates of at least 1 Gb/s fixed speeds and 100 Mb/s to mobile users http://mobilania.com/articles/wimax/what-is-wimax/ Compare throughput of the wireless internet technologies Standard Maximum Download Speed(Mb/s) Maximum Download Speed(Mb/s) coverage Typical Download Speed(Mb/s) GSM GPRS Class 10 0.0856 0.0428 ~16 mi 0.014 GSM EDGE type 2 0.4736 0.4736 ~16 mi 0.034 GSM EDGE Evolution 1.8944 0.9472 ~16 mi UMTS W-CDMA HSDPA 14.400 0.3840 up to 124 mi 4.1 (Tre 2007) UMTS W-CDMA HSUPA 14.400 5.7600 up to 124 mi UMTS W-CDMA HSPA+ 42.000 22.000 up to 124 mi UMTS-TDD 16.000 16.000 CDMA RTT 1x 0.3072 0.1536 ~18 mi 0.125 WiMAX: 802.16e 70.000 70.000 ~4 mi >10 WiFi: 802.11a 54.000 54.000 WiFi: 802.11b 11.000 11.000 ~30 m 2 WiFi: 802.11g 54.000 54.000 ~30 m 10 WiFi: 802.11n 200.00 200.00 ~50 m 40 LTE 326.4 86.4 Future trends of wireless internet Why world move towards new wireless technologies Requirements of the people are increasing day by day also so they need to communicate and get connected with each other and get information at any where any time, that increase the demand for mobile wireless technologies.When the demand increase the major wireless service providers keep on monitoring the growth of new mobile wireless technologies. North America, Europe and Asia Pacific total mobile uses in 2010 is expected to grow up to 2500 million and penetration will be greater than 50 percent So to survive from this kind of demand growth, need new wireless technology with higher capacity and higher data rates, so world move towards 4G,LTE Advance, IEEE 802.20,IEEE 802.16m technologies. (T.Saito et al ,2009) Trend towards 4G over 3G 3G network not compatible with demand of higher data rates so wireless world move towards fourth generation (4G) wireless networks, it will expect to support above 100 Mbps data rates and also high quality video and audio than 3G technology because of 4G networks consist of some advance technologies like Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) , 3G networks are based on ITU-T, IMT2000 standards but 4G standards are not defined yet. OFDM and OFDMA can be used to effectively allocate resources of the network to multiple users. In addition to that 4G is expected to provide higher security and lower data transmission latency than 3G. The emerging 4G will be fully packet-switched network. All the elements of the network must be digital and also 4G services have some key features like adaptability and dynamism. Throughput of the 3G only greater than 2, but throughput of 4G is greater than 200, moreover operating frequencies of 3G is 900,1800,1900,2100(MHz) but 4G operates on 2-8(MHz) frequency , so data transmission is more efficient in 4G than 3G, in addition to that signal coverage of 3G technology is greater than or equals 6 miles but in 4G signal coverage is greater than or equals 30 miles. Trend towards IEEE 802.20 -Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) The IEEE 802.20 is designed for support internet client in vehicle which is moving speed up to 250 Km per hour . IEEE 802.20 supports Qos to give good quality, low-latency services like IEEE 802.16e, and also like IEEE 802.16e its uplink and downlink are synchronous but in 3G uplink and downlink are Asynchronous. IEEE 802.20 is support global roaming facility with the support of 3G, but with compare to IEEE 802.18e it only support local roaming facility. IEEE 802.20 made up of combining good features of 3G and 1EEE 802.16e and reducing the limitations of them. Trend towards LTE-Advance LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) technology to gain good frequency performance, and also it uses single-carrier FDMA(Frequency division Multiple Access) technology, LTE support Multiple Input Multiple Output( MIMO) technology in order to gain good spectrum usage and increase coverage. LTE also support SU-MIMO(Single User MIMO) and MU-MIMO(Multiple User MIMO) and also LTE support spectrum between 1.4-20 MHz. Latency of the LTE is very low (10-20ms) with compare to other technologies. Low latency is very important feature for time critical application like online gaming, etc , And also LTE only use packet switched domain which leads simple protocol architecture. LTE-Advanced can be defined as LTE plus IMT-Advance requirements and it is backward compatible with LTE , With compare to LTE, LTE-Advanced is support collection of multiple carriers which help to gain higher transmission rate with compare to LTE using multiple frequency blocks each have 20 MHz bandwidth. And also LTE-Advanced is support DFT-S-OFDMA combining with aggregation improves user throughput and uplink capacity. With compare to LTE, LTE advance also support SU-MIMO but will have eight uplink and four downlink which improve user throughput and spectrum usage. LTE advance also introduce relay stations to improve coverage, newly introduced technology for LTE-Advanced is relay stations which expand the signal coverage. When compare Peak Spectrum usage efficiencies(b/s/hz) of LTE and LTE-Advanced, Peak Spectrum usage efficiency of LTE is greater than 5 in downlink and greater than 2.5 in uplink, but Peak Spectrum usage efficiency of LTE-Advanced is greater than 30 in downlink and greater than 15 in uplink. When Consider average spectrum usage efficiencies(b/s/hz), LTE has 1.6-2 spectrum efficiency in downlink and 0.66-1.0 in uplink, but in LTE Advanced has 2.4-3.7 Average spectrum efficiency in downlink and 1.2-2.0 in uplink. So Peak and Average Spectrum efficiencies both uplink and downlink in LTE-advance is greater than LTE . Operating Bandwidth of the LTE is 1.4-2.0(MHz) and Operating Bandwidth of LTE-Advanced is greater than 100(MHz), Connection setup delay of the LTE is greater than 100 and, in LTE Advance it is greater than 50, so LTE-Advance is more efficient than LTE Because of advantages of LTE-Advanced researchers found that world will move towards LTE-Advance technology over LTE. Trend of IEEE 802.16m over IEEE 802.16e Current WiMAX technology is based on IEEE 802.16e but next generation WiMAX will follow IEEE 802.16m standard which is extended version of IEEE 802.16e. so it will support basic WiMAX technologies like OFDM, TDMA/FDMA, MIMO, in addition to that, it will be also introduced extended MIMO technologies. IEEE 802.16e is using two antennas to transfer and receive data, but IEEE 802.16e will use 8 antennas to transfer and receive data moreover it will support SU-MIMO technology which help to gain high data transmission rates, furthermore, MU-MIMO, Multi-BS MIMO technologies are being considered. And also Multi carrier technology is being introduced to support higher throughput. Hierarchical frame structure is being included in IEEE 802.16m, which is being consisted of super frames and sub frames to improve spectrum usage efficiency. It is being decided to introduce another new technology is femtocell technology which improve the throughput, in addition to that multihop relay system is supported to the IEEE 802.16m in order to overcome low signal strength in indoor due to the loss of penetration through building, so multihop relay system increase signal strength and that leads wide signal area, high indoor troughput. Future Of WIFI When consider the recent history of WIFI in 2009-2010 main target of WIFI was access points and laptops, but 2010-2011 it is and it will be mobile devices like mobile phones, PDA , etc, then 2011-2012 main target of WIFI will be consumer electronics like TV, Cameras, etc, 2012-2013 and beyond main target of WIFI will be embedded systems. That is the deployment road map of WIFI, more over current WIFI technologies are IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.11w, main purposes of these technologies are Throughput efficiency and security, future WIFI technologies will be IEEE 802.11v, IEEE 802.11s, IEEE 802.11aa, IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ad, Main purpose of IEEE 802.11v will be power efficiency, and Main purpose of IEEE 802.11s will be compatible with mesh networking and Main Purpose of IEEE 802aa/802ad will be high throughput.IEEE 802.11v will expect to available to public in end of 2010, IEEE 802.11s and IEEE 802.11aa will be available in 2011, and IEEE 802.11ac/ad will be available 2012 0r beyond . IEEE 802.11s will be capable of using mesh standards, self configure in to multi-hop wireless technologies where access point from different manufactures. And also IEEE 802.11s support different functional requirements of Applications like, some Applications require large scale high throughput and some require quick setup. IEEE 802.11v Systems to control the clients connect to it which leads to efficient use of system infrastructure so using that can improve performance of the system. Conclusion Internet was introduced early 1980 but it became more popular after 1990, from that day wireless internet technologies have became more and more popular until today, it will be more popular in the future to match with the complex life style of the people , that means when the world develop with other fields, requirements of the man is increasing rapidly when the requirements are increasing, Collection of data, services over data, communication requirements is being increased , so data can be able to access any where any time and also any person can be able connect other people any where any time to exchange ideas, that is why world move towards wireless technologies, because of its mobility, so demand of wireless technology is being increased so existing wireless technologies couldnt bear such a high capacity and cant provide higher data rates and bandwidth. For a solution to that problem we can see how 1G,2G,3G,3GPP LTE, etc like new technologies have introduced and became more popular time to time to satisfy communication and data requirements of developing world, when reading the document can be found out how technology increase and how data rates, capacity, bandwidth has increased according to the improvements of the technology, but performance requirements are not the only reason for introduce new technologies, some people need low cost solutions with fair data rates, for a example WIFI IEEE 802.11b over 802.11a which 80211b is cheaper than 802.11a. Today, demand for the wireless technologies are increasing more rapidly, to survive from that, in future world will move towards 4G,IEEE 802.16m,LTE-Advanced,IEEE 802.20 technologies over current wireless technologies like 3G, LTE, WIFI, WiMAX, etc, because current wireless technologies cannot provide higher capacities and data rates that the world is asking in future. According to the document wireless technologies also have disadvantages like security issues, data rate issues, cost issues over wired technologies, but over that disadvantages, people cannot survive without wireless technologies because of the reasons above mentioned.

The Reconstruction of African History

The Reconstruction of African History This context will analyze the contribution of historian B.A Ogot in the reconstruction of the African History. It will explore Kenya as one of the African nations and/ or countries where the work of B.A Ogot has contributed a lot in historical reconstruction. His significance in history can be accredited to the fact that his life was surrounded by the major events with specific reference to the independence period among other events that has built the history of this nation. In order to understand his contributions to the study topic, both his past and current dispositions will be analyzed by reviewing his literature that he has produced over the years. Following this, this study will also highlight various historical processes from the pre-colonial time to colonial administration in Kenya based on the Mau Mau organization, composition and its impacts. His reconstruction of Africans History The work of B.A Ogot presents various aspects of both pre-colonial history and colonial era in Africa. According to the researches conducted based on his contribution into the African history with reference to Atieno (2002) in The challenges of History and leadership in Africa, his main role was to offer defense for humanity, durability, historicity, complexity and wealth of African societies together with their culture. He offered criticism on studies based on African institutions and customary practices that were said to have failed in offering any defense to African history through adherence to African ideas of the universe, destiny and its existence. He examines the main aspects of Nilotic societies and cultures based on the concept of Jok  [1]  . This term is found in different forms of Nilotic languages whose meaning is God, spirit, Ghost among others. Ogot had immense interest in the institutional practices and the history of African thought for instance religion which was captured in his three essays he wrote. On making of a sanctuary is the essay that examines padhola religion that has been said to be contented in Jok concept and cannot be understood beside Nilotic culture. Ogot trace changes imposed in Padhola religion by the migration of Nilotes to the south, establishment of Bura shrine as a worshipping place, other denominational rivals and the infiltration of strangers among padhola in nineteenth century. Ogot embarked on effects of European religiosity on the lives of the Luo people, which led to religious contradictions in Nyanza. According to Ogot, there exists a complex process of converting first African Christians based on their motivations, training, sacrifices and evangelical activities among others. He presented how the first African Christians faced troubles from the European missionaries, African chiefs and the c olonial government. The religious struggle led to the establishment of Anglican Church in which Mango broke and founded his own church the holy ghost church. Both religious contradictions and conflicts resulted to the murder of Mango in 1934 during an attack that sprouted on the village he belongs. The essay A community of their own Ogot looked at both the rise and effects of the Maria legion of African church that resulted from a reformation of Roman Catholic Church in Nyanza. Ogot is argued to have been normalizing African initiatives, cultural systems, choices, activities and adaptations through analyzing religious based on their terms. He also showed how religion resisted toward the colonial rule in Africa. The emergence of the Nomiya Luo church and Church of Christian Africans offer a better indicator of resistance to colonial rule and/ or power. In his essay on Kingship and statelessness Among the Nilotes, he challenged the racist hypothesis that holds that, there exists a correlation between degr ee of political evolution and the peoples hamitic blood. Based on this hypothesis, he suggested that the establishment of both Shilluk and Bunyoro kingdoms was based on factors such as political, economic and military. In his work, Ogot identified segmentary states that were observed to be less advanced as compared to the Bunyoro Kingdom. Examples of these segmentary states include the Ruothships that belongs to Luo and Acholi and the stateless societies of the Dinka and Nuer. The work of Ogot showed that the process of state formation comprises different groups of people and other historical contexts. Ogot produced many essays that enable one to trace his contribution to the reconstruction of the African history from Kenyans independence to date  [2]  . There was only one essay that concentrated on the colonial state alone while others lay emphasis on the anti-colonial resistance: For instance, the Mau Mau movement that was Kenyas liberation movement during the colonial period or era. Ogot highlighted the colonial rule and its contradiction nature in Kenya and Africa as a whole. His work presented the view that the colonial state and/ or the conquest were observed to be both authoritarian and weak as it lacked legitimacy. Another contribution of Ogot is that through his work, he describes how illiterate and incom petent officials in Africa struggled to cope with colonial version of administration, the missionarys roles, impacts of both the first and Second World War, religious movements and the reformist political associations that resulted from the educated elite. Through the work of Ogot, it is clear that a connection exists between local and national manifestations of what was referred to as nationalism. Ogot explains why the nationalist party KAU failed to establish itself in Nyanza. He argued that Kikuyu leadership in KAU was the major cause of its failure in Nyanza since they only focused on land grievances in kikuyu, which had little connection with Nyanza. According to Ogot, Mau Mau movement had historical significance since it was based on Kenyas decolonization. The goals of this movement were to make Kenya a nation in other words, to nationalize Kenya but we cannot call this movement a national movement since it was confined to one part of Kenya that is the Central Kenya. In addition, B.A Ogot focuses on both the ideology and social composition of Mau Mau and its origin in the context of African imagination and colonial era.  [3]  His writing focused on the people especially those who supported the movement and who opposed it amon g the kikuyu community. He indicated that the class and ideological divisions among kikuyu people mainly implicated the variations between the loyalist and fighters. These variations were based on access to land, affinities to Christianity and traditional culture, attitudes based on constitutionalism among others. He further showed that the differentiation of memories, age, political ecologies in terms of location and dreams about the future accounts for variations. It has been argued that, songs played a major role in peoples culture because people use songs to express their visions, problems, social values and appropriate possibilities. It was therefore through songs that the Mau Mau movement came into practice in Kenya as people expressed their demand for decolonization after a long period of suffering from the colonial states. Through songs, people were able to mobilize each other therefore reinforcing their strength and spirits of other supporters. According to him, the use of songs implicated that the Mau Mau movement was anti-colonial movement fighting for the decolonization of Kenya. These songs were sang in kikuyu language, symbols, history and legends and this explains why they were said to limit their accessibility and their national appeal. Another contribution of B.A Ogot in the reconstruction of African history is showed on his analyses of The birth of national language. During colonial era most of Africans in Kenya lacked national language since the European language used by the elite lacked nationality in it The researches conducted by B.A Ogot on national language showed that kikuyu was first made a national language because the origin of Mau Mau movement took its roots in Central Kenya  [4]  . The elites borrowed their language from the European and/ or colonial state but were few to make the language a national one. Mau Mau left behind legacy in Kenya based on the inherent biases and propaganda that its still in practiced in Kenya of today. He analyses how different and important figures of Mau Mau movement were arrested and detained with unintended outcomes. Ogot has addressed several critical issues that faced African societies from the colonial period to independence. He examined Africa in terms of politics, leadership, culture, development, identities, and functions of universities and impacts of globalizalisation on Africa. Through his work, Ogot urge writers to investigate more into the social realities that resulted to the current forms of leaders and treat Africans as evil.  [5]  The corruption presented by the modern African elite began during the colonial period with writers such as Elspeth Huxley who was said to have had distrusted the over educated African elite. It was argued that most of African nationalist used political slogans of the western during their struggle against the colonial states. In conclusion, the African history is a complex process of historical events that occurred from colonial era to date. The study highlights that the struggle for African history began with the view of Ogots generations and continue s to the current generation meaning that as we come up with new topics, theories and methodologies we must adhere to the mission that Inspired Ogott generation.

The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde :: essays research papers

Oscar Wilde, the author of The Importance of Being Earnest, was most definitely a peculiar character. This is present in his writings, particularly in the aforementioned work. The Importance of Being Earnest uses unusual situations and striking puns to produce a humor that would be enjoyed by nearly all peoples.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Importance of Being Earnest was nearly a Victorian example of an episode of 'Seinfeld.'; The characters contained within often find themselves in the most peculiar of situations, so strange that we can find them humorous. They even, at times, seem to represent situations in which we may find ourselves involved. One such example is in Act One, where Jack realizes that Gwendolyn loves the name Ernest. He tries through several ways to talk to her and find out if she could love him if his name was Jack. She considers the entire question to be hypothetical and unimportant, since she's always known him to be Ernest. The entire dialogue that occurs during the discussion has humorous pieces that add to the colorful nature of the play. One piece of the dialogue is spoken by Jack, where he says, 'Gwendolyn, I must get christened at once—I mean, we must get married at once.'; Wilde shows how society would tend to care about what was on the outside of a person, such as their name or wealth, rather than their character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another such example of this situation is when Algernon is speaking to Cecily in regards to their engagement. Cecily knows Algernon to be Jack's brother, Ernest, and is in love with the name the same as Gwendolyn. Algernon tries to inquire, in a similar manner whether Cecily could love him if he bore another name, such as Algernon. Cecily responds in a similar manner. Wilde found one piece to be humorous, and as a result included it into the first Act. He then decided to repeat a similar situation in the second Act of the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another example of Wilde's use of humor is in his witty remarks and epigrams. By using these devices, it adds color to a character, and helps to balance them well against others instead of creating a 'flat'; appearance. The most prominent character that demonstrates these attributes is Algernon, whose timing throughout the story is impeccable. In Act One, after Jack has finished speaking to Lady Bracknell about marrying Gwendolyn, Lady Bracknell exits the room.

Leadership Study Essay -- Leadership

The ability to be a leader has been studied extensively. Throughout this extensive study, some have pointed to leadership being a born trait (Northouse, 2012) while others point to the ability to learn the skills associated with becoming a great leader (Hughes, Ginnett and Curphy, 2012). While each side has its own valid points, one way to argue either way to see these skills in action. Whether these skills are seen in a high school student government association or the office of a large nationwide non-profit, they are present. The study of leadership has led to the description of several different styles of leadership. These styles include legitimate, expert, information, connections, referent, coercion and reward power. No matter the type of experiences a person has, they will most likely see these types of power. Legitimate power may be one of the easiest forms of power to identify. Hughes and colleagues (2012) refer to legitimate power as one’s formal or official authority. This power is mostly appointed, but can be given through democratic processes (Sager, 2008). A leader who asks someone to complete a task or assigns a specific role to someone can be seen as legitimate. Local culture, as defined by the bureaucratic and chain of command within an organization, is a great way to identify who has legitimate power. A call center environment is a great example of this legitimate power hierarchy. Within one such environment the company was divided amongst several different leaders. The top of the hierarchy was the channel manager, who is held accountable to the client. Below this level are two managers who assign the task of contacting customers to those employees who make direct contact with clients. These two managers mon... ...l and the organization. Works Cited Culley, M.R. and Hughes, J. (2008). Power and public participation in a hazardous waste dispuit: A community case study, American journal of community psychology, 41, 98-114. DOI: 10.1007/s10464-007-9157-5. Hughes, R., Ginnett, R., & Curphy, G. (2012). Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of experience. (7 ed.). Montouri, Amsterdam: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Northouse, P. (2012). Leadership: Theory and practice. (6 ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publishing. Sager, J. (2008) Sources of power. In Rothman, J, Erlich, J.L. and Tropman, J.E. (Eds.), Stratgeies of community intervention (pp. 425-446). Peoesta, Iowa, Eddie Bowers publishing co. inc.. Strom, S. (9 July 2008) Funds misappropriated at 2 non-profit groups. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/09/us/09embezzle.html?_r=1 on May 25, 2012.

The Forensic Consultation Corporation

The terrorism threat to the US and the US interest worldwide remains significant years after the 9/11 attacks. According to the counter terrorism center, terrorism incidences against the US homeland have reduced considerably in the last three years. (Court TV Crime Library) The primary threat has been and remains the Al Qaeda network, as well as other terrorism activities sanctioned by such countries as Cuba, North Korea, Syria and Iran. The government through intelligence agencies has doubled efforts to increase the information on terrorism and terrorists. Additionally, there have been reviews of the existing techniques of profiling terrorists. This follows the fact that some of these techniques have failed in providing effective models of profiling terrorists. Profiling models for terrorists consist of analyzing different persons and using the information gained to determine identities of potential terrorists or perpetrators of terrorism activities. Some of the technology used in the detection of terrorists is intrusive and violates the privacy issues (Turvey, Brent, 1998). Therefore, it has been difficult to distinguish between criminals and innocent people. Additionally, some state of the art technologies and profiling techniques are difficult to use by non-technical people. HOW PROFILING THECHNIQUES SHOULD CHANGE According to security experts the US as well as the world at large is at an increasing threat of terrorist attacks that are worse than the 9/11 attacks in terms of loss of life and property. There is increased innovation and sophistication in the operations in the modern terrorist. The destructive potential of the weapons used today, has also increased significantly (Turvey, Brent, 1998). It is therefore imperative that some changes be implemented to ensure that the techniques are able to meet the threat of terrorism not only in the US but also else where in the world where such a threat exists. Some of the recommended changes include:  ·   Professionals especially psychologists, psychiatrists and sociologists have an ever increasing role in the practice of terrorists profiling.   Through behavioral analysis, documentation, and skilled interviewing; as well as proactive questioning techniques, it is possible to sift persons with criminal motives from innocent citizens so that security personnel can further scrutinize them. (Court TV Crime Library) The FBI academy, behavioral science unit, is a step in the right direction.  ·    Developing analysis support systems that can separate terrorist activities from innocent activities.  ·      Raising awareness among the general public, so they can be able to take note of innocuous activities, which could be indicative of terrorist activities.  · The importance of new technology in the fight against terrorism cannot be over emphasized, especially development of systems that allows surveillance without violating on people’s privacy.  ·   The progress that has been made to move beyond the guilty by association and model should be consolidated so as to eliminate or reduce errors associated with it.  ·   Due to the constant changes in terrorist behaviors and operations the profiling techniques need to be constantly changing, revised and research on different models should continue with greater tempo.  · Important security personnel such as airport, airline and sea port security managers, representatives from various embassies and consulates, security managers, police officers and finally the government personnel involved in critical infrastructure protection should be thoroughly trained so as to be attentive to strange behaviors that could be an indication of terrorism intents. ROLE OF FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGISTS Due to the increased threat of terrorism in recent years and events such as the anthrax scare that followed the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York and Washington DC, the work of forensic psychologists became critical and more critical though is forensic techniques. This involves the application of both personality and criminal profiling theory towards the psycho-behavior profiling of terrorist and their leaders/commanders. Profiles of these types of figures would serve multiple purposes. They would suggest how an individual is most likely to proceed on their terrorism endeavor, how they would respond to a particular action by the profiler’s allies or how persistent the individual is at obtaining particular goals. For instance, saddam Hussein and Bin Laden could have two contrasting traits in that Saddam is tyrant in nature while laden is a highly rebellious character. These profiles help the forensic psychologists to identify and track the terrorists to identify and track the terrorists together with their associates hence greatly impacting on thE terrorism rate. PROFILE OF A TYPICAL TERRORIST Comparative and Theoretical Aspects.  ·      The typical terrorist is unmarried. Many terrorists are ready to die for the cause and they have no faith in the future. Many remain unmarried because they wish to avoid long-term commitments (Schneier, Bruce. 2004).  ·      Religious. Most terrorists are Muslims and although not all Muslims support terrorism, there is a strong historical link between Islamic and terrorism which cannot be overlooked.  ·    Considerably educated. The terrorist of today are most likely to be well educated, meticulous in their planning, and knowledgeable in the use of modern communication equipments and methods.  ·      Subscribes to radical and revolutionary ideologies. The man or woman who is ready to die for a cause is either a nationalist/patriot or a â€Å"psychopath† who more often than not has a poor family background and seeks recognition in a bad way. However the modern terrorist is really not mentally ill, but rather has been deeply brainwashed with very narrow â€Å"ideologies.†  ·    Could be male or female although there is a bias for male terrorists.  ·    The age of probable terrorist is twenties or early thirties.  ·    Family connections.   A likely candidate could have family relations with people who have been involved in terrorism or those who sympathize with terrorist activities. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS  ·    A modern day terrorist is ready to die and is not very interested in planning for an escape route.  ·    A terrorist is ready to forfeit concerns about personal security in order to break the barriers of defense that may exist.  ·    The goal of the terrorist is to make a statement that advances their cause and is mentally convinced they are doing not only the right thing but the â€Å"honorable† thing. CONCLUSION The threat of terrorism is very real today and governments all over the world should collaborate and work together to ensure they reduce their collective and individual vulnerability to terrorist activities. Measures should be put into place to protect the US homeland. However, it should be noted that all terrorist activities are difficult to eliminate; and profiling terrorist remains an uphill task for security experts and personnel. Research and regular review of and revisions of techniques should be made in the area of terrorist profiling, to ensure the techniques utilized are constantly up to date and able to keep up with the dynamics of modern terrorist operations. References Schneier, Bruce (2004). Behavioral Assessment Profiling. Retrieved on June 19, 2007 www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2004/11/profile_hinky.html Turvey, Brent, (1998). Deductive Criminal Profiling: Comparing Applied Methodologies   

Intel vs AMD Processors Essay

In an eon where technology is constantly evolving and the demand for cognitive operation is increasing, the important processing unit (CPU), a akin cognize as the central processor, is a principal(prenominal) concern for umpteen estimator buyers. there atomic number 18 many friendships that take commit when choosing a processor such as whether the computer get out be apply for storage or gaming, will the substance abuser be looking for execution in speed or fine art, and individual budget. Among all told the variant brands the two biggest companies con placered competitors are Intel and AMD. plane though each fellowship whitethorn drop an edge in trustworthy areas, both companies continue to constantly establish changes and improvements to their products in an attempt to remain competitive. The drive of this comparative paper is to look at both companies to obtain if one companys processor is truly check than the other. Literature Review Performance and t ake to be are major good wills when deciding to grease ones palms a raw computer. Much of a computers performance is establish on the central processing unit also known as the CPU or processor. tally to Fisher, The CPU could be considered the brains of the computerand is responsible for(p) for interpreting and executing most of the commands from the computers hardware and software. In like a shots market the two leaders in CPU production are Intel and Advanced Micro Device, Inc (AMD). Depending on a persons computing needs, one CPU might be mend than the other when considering damage, speed, and performance. Analyzing each companies product and equivalence them will help use determine which processor is surmount for us. Our first shape will be speed.If speed is a big concern, which it is for many computer gamers, Intel has shown to be the mend product. According to Singh, Intel processors give you a spiriteder clocking speed, which means they have a higher frequency of lap up done per second. Intel is designed different from AMD because it severalizes the summate work into the smallest possible division and so goes through it in a high frequency. AMD goes through it process at a s set about rate except processes more of its data per cycle. For this reason, one seat non make the assumption that Intel is split apparently because it is the faster processor.In addition, AMD has recently make claims that there new Piledriver processor will present stiff competition for Intels latest Ivy Bridge processor. other consideration is world power manipulation. In the quondam(prenominal) AMD use to be the clear winner, their douse of the Athlon 64 surpassed the efficiency of Intels Pentium 4 processor. Since then, Intel has implemented new power counsel features and has focused on increasing efficiency. As a result, Intel has beat out AMD and soon has the most efficient processors available.An added benefit to lower power consumption is that t he processor dissipates less(prenominal) heat and stays cooler. AMD has been known for heat up faster under(a) vehement and heavy duty computing conditions. However, it is speculated that the new generation of AMD processors have taken economic aid of the overheating issues. Gavrichenkov (2011) conducted a comparison of the power efficiency of AMD and Intel Processor and stated Systems based on processors with integrated graphics cores establish increasingly popular not alone due to possible governing body miniaturization.In most cases the users decide to go with them, for cost-cutting purposes. Processors like that help to save some hard currency not only by omitting the outside graphics accelerator, but also by allowing to build a more energy-efficient system with total power consumption macrocosm lower than that of a system with clear-cut graphics. There is another bonus to it dim operation modes, because lower power consumption leads to lower heat dissipation and so the use of simpler cooling systems. (p. )The next consideration is overall performance. Depending on your needs, performance can be interpreted in different ways. If you compare processors with the same rating side by side it is clear that Intel is the snap off performer. But, if you are a gamer you will refer that AMD is the better choice. AMD processors are much more compatible with ATI graphic cards. To many gamers graphics are everything and when looking for a processor to integrate with an ATI graphics card AMD is the best choice.If you do not intend on using you computer for gaming and exclusively would like computing performance Intel is the better choice. Intel has the best multitasking abilities which according to Singh, is the ability to divide work into smaller pieces for faster computing. The last and to some the most significant consideration is price. This is an area where AMD and Intel are clearly distinguished. Although performance statistics show the Intel is roughly better overall, AMD is priced 20% to 60% cheaper.For gamers who are generally under the age of 30, this difference in price makes AMD the favorable processor. To those who have the money and are looking for performance Intel would be the better choice. According to Shulka (2012), (Intel) prices will be slightly on the higher side compared to AMD, but given the consistency, superior performance spectacles and its downward- traveling energy consumption curve. Intel many not have that much to disturbance about. It retrospective, it ultimately depends on what it is you plan on using your computer for.

What Is It Like to Be Blind?

There are thousands of ruse people in our country, and there are hundreds of thousands of them slightly the initiation. One basin simply close his eyes in mark to imagine what it is standardized to be blind. Such try is really the best way to understand how blind people feel and what they have to face in their daily life. The feelings I could make love after using up one hour with closed eyes fey me deeply. For some first minutes I was up to(p) lonesome(prenominal) to make some slow and viscous movements, because I was quite scared of coming against the things around me.Certainly, I got used to the environment soon, only when it was belt up difficult to cope with the situation and decide, what to do. Then, I got a new angle on the issue. What about career, accomplishments, love, success, or hope? Suddenly, I realized how helpless and neutral the blind so-and-so feel. I tried to bye around my house and even came out of it, further I constantly felt stressed and act ually uncomfortable. I could experience how hard it must be for blind people to perform their daily routines without substantive help of a sighted guide.Besides, it became clear to me that it takes more than time and efforts of the blind to perform simple actions and operations, like turning on the oven or looking for the inappropriate control, etc. Finally, I understood that, actually, the blind butt not even do and enjoy legion(predicate) absolutely usual things we do and enjoy every day. They rear not fully enjoy TV shows and movies like we can, can not carry or surf Internet as fast as we can, and so on. Certainly, nowadays there are galore(postnominal) technological solutions, which help blind people to read and write, or use computer, or stay organized, but it is still very complicated, I suppose.Therefore, this experiment helped me to experience some difficulties of the blind and taste the effects of failures they can face. Certainly, within the time such people bunk adapted to their disability and learn what they can and what they can not do. But this is really hard, and I only wish all blind people to be strong, find their support and inspiration, and always use the indicant of their imagination in order to picture this world in bright and beautiful colors. Bibliography What Is It Like to Be finesse? Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Chldren. Destra Business. 2007. 23 May 2007 .